User:Tardigrade

Tardigrades (Latfuts) are microscopic, water-dwelling, segmented animals. At some point in history, they learned to speak Gothic.

Veithois

Latin	Insular Proto-Romance	Insular Romance		Veithois				example
		transcription	IPA	orthography		IPA
ī	/i/	i	/i/	i		/i/		vid		/vid/
i	/ɪ/	ẹ	/e/	è	ei	/ɛ/	/ei̯/	sec	peil	/sɛk/	/pei̯l/
ē	/e/							ment	cein	/mɛnt/	/t͡ʃei̯n/
oe								ester	feid	/ɛstər/	/fei̯d/
e	/ɛ/	ę	/ɛ/		é		/e/	ter	pedh	/tɛr/	/peð/
ae								estod	cel	/ɛˈstod/	/t͡ʃel/
a	/a/	a	/a/	a		/a/		can		/kan/
ā	/ɑ/	ǫ	/ɔ/	ò	ó	/ɔ/	/o/		nos		/noz/
o	/ɔ/							sot	cor	/sɔt/	/kor/
ō	/o/	ọ	/o/	ou	eu	/u/	/e/	mount	fleur	/munt/	/fler/
u	/ʊ/							gout	gheul	/gut/	/gel/
ū	/u/	u	/u/	u		/i/		mur		/mir/
au	/au/	au	/au/	au		/ai/		caudh		/kaið/

Gothic vowel changes

Development of Wulfilan Gothic vowels in Niemish

Gothic	Initial		Medial						Final
		/_r/	/_r/	/_l/	/_p, b, f, m/	/_w/	/_other/		/_one consonant/							/_cluster/	absolutely final
							one consonant	cluster	/_r/	/_l/	/_n/	/_p, b, f, m/	/_w/	/_j/	/_other/
i, aí	i	e	e	i				e	e			iu		i	e		ʲ
a	a		u				y	u	u	o		u					Ø
u, aú	u	o
ē, ei	i		i					e	i		e	e
ái, aíh	ia
ā	a		u				y	u	a
áu, aúh	o
ō, ū	u

adjectives

Case	indefinite						definite
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
Nominative	blínd		blénd	bléndas	blénd	blénds	blénd	blénda		bléndas	bléndon	bléndos
Genitive	blínds		blénds	blíndse		bléndsa	blíndes		bléndos	blíndne		bléndna
Dative	bléndum		blénde	bléndę			bléndę		bléndą	bléndą

adj

Case	attributive						predicative
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc./neut.		fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
	indefinite	definite
Direct	blínd	blénd		blénd			blénd	blénda		bléndas	bléndon	bléndos
Genitive	blínd		blénd	blínd		blénd	blíndes		bléndos	blíndse		bléndsa
Dative	blénd			blénd			bléndę		bléndą	bléndą

Case	attributive						predicative
	singular			plural			singular			plural
	masc./neut.		fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.	masc.	neut.	fem.
	indefinite	definite
Direct	frús	frós		frós			frós	frósa		frósas	fróson	frósos
Genitive	frús		frós	frús		frós	frúses		frósos	frúsne		frósna
Dative	frós			frós			frósę		frósą	frósą

Consonants

	Labial		Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Uvular
Nasal	/m/ ⟨m⟩		/n/ ⟨n⟩		/ŋ/ ⟨ng⟩	/ɴ/ ⟨ng⟩
Plosive	/p/ ⟨p⟩		/t/ ⟨t⟩		/k/ ⟨k⟩	/q/ ⟨k⟩
Affricate			/ʦ/ ⟨t⟩
Fricative	/f/ ⟨f⟩	/v/ ⟨v⟩	/s/ ⟨s⟩	/ʃ/ ⟨s⟩	/ɣ/ ⟨g⟩	/ʁ/ ⟨g⟩
Lateral			/l~ɬ/ ⟨l⟩
Tap			/ɾ/ ⟨r⟩
Semivowel				/j/ ⟨j⟩

Everish

Everish
Eveireg
Pronunciation	[eˈvei̯ɾeɡ]
Created by	Tardigrade
Native to	Spain, Portugal
Language family	Indo-European Celtic Insular Celtic Brythonic Everish
Early form	Common Brythonic
Writing system	Latin

Everish Eveireg /eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/ is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias.

Phonology and Orthography

Everish Consonants

The consonant inventory for Everish is as follows:

-			Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar
-	Nasal		m ⟨m⟩		n ⟨n⟩	ɲ ⟨ñ⟩	ŋ ⟨ng~ngu⟩
-	Plosive	voiceless	p ⟨p⟩	t ⟨t⟩		t͡ʃ ⟨ch⟩	k ⟨c, qu⟩
-		voiced	b~β ⟨b⟩	d~ð ⟨d⟩		d͡ʒ~ʒ ⟨g~j⟩	ɡ~ɣ ⟨g~gu⟩
-	Fricative	voiced			z ⟨z⟩
-			v ⟨v⟩
-		voiceless	f ⟨f⟩	θ ⟨ç⟩	s ⟨s⟩	ʃ ⟨x⟩	x ⟨h⟩
-	Approximant	central	w ⟨w⟩			j ⟨y⟩
-		lateral			l ⟨l⟩	ʎ ⟨ʎ⟩
-	Trill				r ⟨rr⟩
-	Tap				ɾ ⟨r⟩

Vowels & Diphthongs

Everish can be described as having two groups of vowel sounds:

1. the open vowels, which arose from historically short vowels
2. the close vowels, which arose from historically long vowels
3. the diphthongs

The open and close vowels are represented by the following inventory:

	Front	Central	Back
Close	iː	ʉ(ː)	u(ː)
Near-close	ɪ		ʊ
Close-mid	eː		oː
Mid		ə
Open-mid	ɛ		ʌ    ɔ(ː)
Near-open
Open	a(ː)

All of Everish's true diphthongs are falling and consist of a vowel + either /i̯/ or /u̯/.

	+ i̯	+ u̯
Near-close		ɪu̯
Mid	əi̯
Open-mid	ɛi̯    ɔi̯	ɛu̯    ɔu̯
Open		au̯

Sound Changes

Consonant Mutations

As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Everish has three main mutations: lenis (meyel), spirant (cravel) and nasal (truinel).

The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table.

Radical	Nasal	Lenis	Spirant
p /p/	b /b/		f /f/
t /t/	d /d/		z /θ/
c /k/	g /g/		h /x/
ch /t͡ʃ/	dj /d͡ʒ/		x /ʃ/
b /b/	m /m/	v /v/
d /d/	n /n/	∅
g /ɡ/	ng /ŋ/	∅
gu /ɡw/	ng /ŋw/	v /v/
dj /d͡ʒ/	ñ /ɲ/	y /j/
y /j/	ñ /ɲ/
ll /ʎ/		l /l/
m /m/		v /ṽ/
ñ /ɲ/		n /n/
rr /r/		r /ɾ/

Lenited g becomes v before words in go-, gu-, e.g. gou "smith" → i vou "his smith", gur "man, husband" → i vur "his husband".

Examples:

• Lenition: i beñ "his head", di dad "your dad", i dji "his dog", a vanon "the lady", do Varselen "to Barcelona".
• Spirantisation: i feñ "her head", tri zad "three dads", ter haz "three cats".
• Nasalisation: no manon "nine ladies", i Marselen "in Barcelona", mi garrer "my road"

List

№	English	Proto-Celtic	Common Brittonic	Breton	Cornish	Welsh	Old Irish	Everish
1	I	*mī	*mi	me	my	mi, fi	mé	mi
2	you	*tū	*ti	te	ty	ti	tú	ti
3	he	*es	*eβ̃	eñ	ev	ef, fe, fo	é	ey
4	we	*snīs	*ni	ni	ny	ni	sní	ni
5	you (plural)	*swīs, *swīsswīs	*hwi	c'hwi	hwi	chi, chwi	sib, síi	huy
6	they	*yoi		i, int	i	hwy, hwynt, nhw	é	i
7	this	*se-, *sindos, *so-sin		an ... mañ	an ... ma	hwn, y ... yma	in ... so	an ... seo, an ... so	an ... seo	yn ... shoh
8	that	*emo-, *sindo-de		an ... se	an ... na	hwnnw, y ... yna	in ... sin, in ... tall	an ... sin, an ... siúd	an ... sin, an ... siud	yn ... shen, yn ... shid
9	here	*sondo, *uman?		amañ	omma	yma	sund	anseo	an-seo	ayns shoh, aynshoh
10	there	*anda?, *kē		aze, eno	ena	yna	tall	ansin, ansiúd	an sin, an siud	ayns shen, ayns shid
11	who	*kʷēs	*puɨ	piv	piw	pwy	cía	cé	cò	quoi
12	what	*kʷid		petra	pyth	beth	cid	cad é, céard	ciod, dè	c'red, cre
13	where	*kʷuts		pelec'h	ple	ble	cairm, cía airm, cía dú	cá, cá háit, cén áit	càite	c'raad
14	when	*kʷan(o)		pedavare, pegoulz, peur, pevare	p'eur	pryd	cuin	cá huair, cathain, cén uair	cuin	cre'n traa, cuin
15	how			pegiz, penaos, pevod	fatel	sut, pa fodd	cía chruth, cía indas, cindas, co	cad é mar, cén chaoi, conas	ciamar, cionnas	cre'n aght, kanys, kys
16	not	*ne, *nīs	*ni	ne ... ket	ny	ddim, nid	ní, nícon	ne
17	all	*olyos		holl, tout	oll	holl, i gyd, oll	uile	uile	uile	ooilley
18	many	*ɸilu-		kalz, lies a	lies, lower	llawer	il, imdae, mór	a lán, mórán	mòran	mooarane, ram
19	some	*nekʷos		bennak, meur a	nebes	rhai, rhyw	nach	éigin, roinnt	eigin, roinn	ennagh, kuse, shiartanse
20	few	*bikkano, *nekʷos		nebeut	nebes	ychydig	bec, terc, úathad	beagán	beagan	beggan
21	other	*alyos, *aralyos		all, arall	aral	arall	aile	eile	eile	elley
22	one	*oinos, *oynānos	*ʉn	unan	onan	un	óen	un
23	two	*dwau	*dọw	daou	dew	dau	dá	do
24	three	*trīs	*tri	tri	tri	tair, tri	trí	tri
25	four	*kʷetwores	*pedwar	pevar	peswar	pedwar	cethair	peser
26	five	*kʷenkʷe	*pɨmp	pemp	pymp	pump	cóic	pim
27	big	*brassos, *māros	*mọr	bras, meur	bras, meur	mawr	oll, mór	bras
28	long	*sīros	*hir	hir	hir	hir	fota, sír	ir
29	wide	*ɸlitanos	*llɨdan	ledan	ledan, efan	llydan	lethan	lledan
30	thick	*remros, *tegus	*teɣ	tev, fetis	tew	tew	remor, tiug	teu
31	heavy	*trummos	*trum	pounner	poos	trwm	trom	trum
32	small	*bikkos	*bɨx	bihan	bian, byghan	bach, bychan	bec	beag	beag	beg
33	short	*birros, *gerros	*bɨrr	berr	berr	byr	cummair, berr, gerr	gearr	geàrr	giare
34	narrow	*angus	*kʉl	enk, strizh	kul, ynn	cul	cáel, cumung	cúng	cumhang	coon
35	thin	*tanauyos		moan, tanav	moon, tanow	tenau	séim, tanae	tanaí	tana	thanney
36	woman	*benā	*ben, *gwrėg	gwreg, maouez	benyn	benw, benyw, dynes, gwraig, merch	ben	bean	bean	ben
37	man (adult male)	*wiros	*gwur	gour, gwaz, den	gour, gwas	dyn, gŵr	fer	guas
38	man (human being)	*gdonyos	*dün	den	den	dyn	duine	din
39	child (youth)	*mustākos		bugel	flogh	plant	lenab, noídiu	leanbh, páiste	leanabh, pàiste	lhiannoo, paitçhey
40	wife		*gwrėg	gwreg	gwreg	gwraig	ben, séitig	bean, bean chéile	bean, bean-chèile, bean-phòsta	ben, ben heshey, ben phoost
41	husband	*wiros	*gwur	gwaz	gour	gŵr	céile, fer	fear céile	fear-pòsta	dooinney, dooinney poost, sheshey, sheshey poost
42	mother	*mātīr	*mamm	mamm	mamm	mam	máthair	máthair	màthair	moir
43	father	*ɸatīr	*tad	tad	tas	tad	athair	athair	athair	ayr
44	animal	*mīlom	*mil	aneval, loen, mil	eneval, mil	anifail, mil	anmandae, míl, robb	ainmhí	ainmhidh	baagh, baaghtagh, bioagh, cretoor
45	fish	*ɸēskos	*uɨsk	pesk	pysk	pysgodyn	íasc	peixed
46	bird	*ɸatar, *ɸetnos	*edn	evn, labous	edhen	aderyn	én	eden
47	dog	*kū	*ki	ki	ki	ci	cú, matad	chi
48	louse	*luwā		laou	low	llau	míl, míl étgudo	llo
49	snake	*natrixs		naer, sarpant	sarf	neidr, sarff	nathair	nader
50	worm	*kʷrimis	*prɨβ̃	buzhug, preñv	pryv	abwydyn, mwydyn, pryf, pryf genwair	cruim	prĩu
51	tree	*kʷresnom	*prenn	gwez	gwedh	coed, colfen, pren	crann, fid	bile, crann	crann, craobh	billey
52	forest	*kaito-	*koɨd	koad, koed	koos, koswik	coedwig, fforest	caill, fid, fidbad, ros, ruud	coill	coille	keyll
53	stick (of wood)	*lorgā		bazh	lorgh	ffon, llory	flesc, maide	bata, maide	bata, bioran, maide	maidjey
54	fruit	*sutu-		frouezh	frooth	ffrwyth	mess, torad	toradh	meas, toradh	mess, troar
55	seed	*segeto-, *sīlom		had	has	had	síl	síol	sìol	rass, sheel
56	leaf	*dolnyā, *dolyā		del	delen	dail	duilne	duille	duilleag	duillag
57	root	*wridā		gwrizienn	gwreydh	gwraidd, gwreiddyn	frém, mecon	fréamh	freumh	fraue
58	bark (of tree)	*ruskos	*rrisk	rusk	rusk	rhisgl	coirt, croiccenn, crottball, rúsc	coirt, rúsc}, snamh	rùsg	roost
59	flower	*blātus	*blọd	bleuñv	bleujen	blodyn	bláth, scoth	bláth, scoth	blàth	blaa
60	grass	*gʷeltā	*gwellt	geot, gwelt	gwels	gwellt	fér	féar	feur	faiyr
61	rope	*lomanā		kordenn	lovan, korden	rhaff	loman, súainem, tét	téad	ròpa, teud	tead
62	skin (of a person)	*krokkenom, *kroknom	*krʉn	kroc'hen	kroghen	croen	cnes, croiccenn	cneas, craiceann	cneas,craiceann	crackan
63	meat (as in flesh)	*kīkos, *mīros		kig	kig	cig	cúa, féoil	feoil	feòil	feill
64	blood	*krowos	*krow	gwad	goos	gwaed	crú, fuil	cró, fuil	fuil	fuill
65	bone	*astkornu, *knāmis		askorn	askorn	asgwrn	cnáim	cnámh	cnàimh	craue
66	fat (noun)	*gʷered-		druz, lart	blonek	saim	béoil, blonac, geir, íth	blonag, saill	saill	blennick, sahll
67	egg	*āuyom		vi	oy	wy	og	ubh	ugh	ooh
68	horn	*kornu-		korn	korn	corn	adarc, benn, corn	adharc, corn	adharc, corn	corn, eairk
69	tail	*lostā		lost	lost	cynffon, llost	erball, err	eireaball	earball	arbyl, famman
70	feather(rather not down)			pluñv	pluv	plu	cleitte	cleite	ite	clooie, fedjag
71	hair	*woltos	*gwollt	blev	blew, gols	blew, gwallt	finna folt	folt, gruaig	falt, gruag	folt, gruag
72	head	*kʷennom	*penn	penn	penn	pen	cenn	ceann	ceann	kione
73	ear	*ausos, *kloustā	*klʉst	skouarn	skovarn	clust	áu, clúas	cluas	cluas	cleaysh
74	eye	*lukato-	*llugad	lagad	lagas	llygad	rosc, súil	rosc, súil	sùil	sooill
75	nose	*srognā	*froɨn	fri	troen	trwyn	srón	srón	sròn	stroin
76	mouth	*genus	*gen	beg, genoù	ganow	ceg, genau	á, bél, gin	béal	beul	beeal
77	tooth (rather not molar)	*dant	*dant	dant	dans	dant	dét, fíacail	déad, fiacail	fiacaill	feeackle
78	tongue	*tangʷāss		teod	taves	tafod	tengae	teanga	teanga	çhengey
79	fingernail	*angʷīnā	*ėɣwin	ivin	ewyn	ewin	ingen	ionga	ìne	ingin
80	foot	*tregess		troad, troed	troes	troed	cos, traig	cos, troigh	cas	cass
81	leg	*koxsā	*koɨs	gar	garr	coes	cos	cos	cas	cass, lurgey
82	knee	*glūnos	*glin	glin	glin	glin, pen-glin	glún	glúin	glùn	glioon
83	hand	*ɸlāmā	*llọβ̃	dorn	dorn	llaw	lám	lámh	làmh	laue
84	wing	*ɸatanī		askell	askell	adain, asgell	ette, scíath	eite, eiteog, sciath, sciathán	sgiath	fedjag, skian
85	belly	*bolgos	*bolɣ	kof, tor	kroth, torr	bol, bola	bolg, brú	bolg	broinn, brù	bolg
86	guts			bouzellenn	kolodhyon	coluddion, perfeddion, ymysgaroedd	cáelán, inathar	inní	caolan	collane
87	neck	*monis		gouzoug	konna	gwddf, gwddwg, mwnwgl	brága, muin, muinél	muineál	muineal	mwannal
88	back			kein	keyn	cefn	cúl, druimm	droim	druim	dreeym
89	breast	*brusū, *kīkos	*bronn	bronn	bronn	bron	cích	brollach, cíoch	cìoch	keeagh
90	heart	*kalonā, *kridyom	*kalon	kalon	kolon	calon	cride	croí	cridhe	cree
91	liver	*awV-		avu	avi	afu	óa	ae	adha	aane

Bandal

Bandal	Maltese	Siculo-Arabic (in Sicilian)	Arabic text	English
bebbuxu	bebbuxu	babbaluciu	ببوش (babbūš)	snail
gebbu	ġiebja	gebbia	جب (jabb)	cistern
giunglena	ġunġlien	giuggiulena	جنجلان (junjulān)	sesame seed
seghija	sieqja	saia	ساقية (sāqiyah)	canal
tennuru	kenur	tannura	تنور (tannūr)	oven
zafranu	żagħfran	zaffarana	زعفران (zaʿfarān)	saffron
zara	żahra (less common than fjura, borrowed from Medieval Sicilian)	zagara	زهرة (zahrah)	blossom
sbiba	żbib	zibbibbu	زبيب (zabīb)	raisins
segu	zokk (may be borrowed from Sicilian)	zuccu	ساق (sāq)	tree trunk
tebutu	tebut	tabbutu	تابوت (tābūt)	coffin

Maltese	Berber languages	English
grinxula	gremxula	azrem ašal, lit. 'land worm', (Kabyle)	lizard
ficruna	fekruna	tifakrunin (Jerbi), ifekran (Tashelhiyt), ifkran (Kabyle)	turtle
geddu	geddum	aqadum, lit. 'face, frown' (Kabyle)	chin
gendu	gendus	gandūz, lit. 'young calf' (Jerbi)	ox, bull
	gerżuma	ageržum (Mozabite, Tashelhiyt)	throat
	tfief	tilfaf (Ouargli), tifāf, tilfāf, tiffāf (Tarifit)	sow thistle (Sonchus oleraceus)
	tengħud	talaɣūda (Tunisian Arabic), telɣūda (Algerian Arabic)	spurge (Euphorbia)
	kosksu	kuskesu, kuskus (Kabyle)	couscous, small round pasta
fart	fartas	aferḍas (Ouargli, Kabyle)	bald
għaffeġ	‘affež (Algerian Arabic), effeẓ (Ouargli, Mozabite)	to crush, to squash
	żrinġ	tažrant (Jerbi)	frog
izrar	żrar	zrar (Mozabite, Ouargli), azrar (Kabyle, Nafusi)	gravel
	werżieq	wárẓag (Mrazig)	cicada, lit. screamer, shrieker
	buqexrem	buqišrem (Kabyle)	vervain (Verbena officinalis)
	fidloqqom	fudalɣem (Kabyle)	borage (Borago officinalis)
zor	żorr	uzur (Kabyle), uzzur (Tarifit)	rude, arrogant
leddixer	lellex	lelleš (Mozabite)	to shine, to glitter
besber	pespes	bbesbes (Ouargli)	to whisper
tefter	teptep	ṭṭebṭeb (Ouargli)	to blink, to twinkle
bibber	webbel	webben (Mozabite)	to induce, to tempt