User:IlL/Sketchbook

Finally, a real Semitic altlang

• Autonym: Lesan sašví?
• Southeast Europe, Slavic infleunce
• more cases than in Proto-Semitic; the extra cases are from suffixing of person-marked prepositions.
• generalizes the nisba suffix *-ī/*-iyy to all adjectives
• No, I'm NOT changing *ū to *y.
• Non-emphatic counterparts of emphatic consonants are palatalized. (except *þʼ merges with *ð, *w into *v, and *þ > *t)

Nouns

Masculine noun: bjać 'house'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nominative	bjać	bjaća	bjaću
genitive	bjaći	bjaće	bjaći
dative	bjaćlu	bjaćeloma	bjaćilúm
accusative	bjać	bjaća	bjaću
ins./loc.	bjaćbi	bjaćebema	bjaćibím

Feminine noun: sura 'performance; ceremony'
Case	Singular	Dual	Plural
nominative	sura	surća	surać
genitive	surći	surće	suraći
dative	surotla	surćeloma	suraćilín
accusative	sura	surća	surać
ins./loc.	surotba	surćebema	suraćibín

Pronouns

Personal pronouns
Case	First person
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Nominative	na	nan
Genitive	meni	menna
Dative	li	lona
Accusative	nani, ni	nanna
Ins./Loc.	bi	bna

Personal pronouns, cont.
Case	Second person					Third person
	Singular		Dual	Plural		Singular		Dual	Plural
	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine	masculine	feminine		masculine	feminine
Nominative	ąt	ąć	ątma	ątmu	ątna	hú	hí	homa	homu	hen
Genitive	męk	męč	mękma	mękmu	męčna	men	mená	menoma	menomu	menen
Dative	lók	lóč	lókma	lókmu	lóčna	lu	lá	luma	lumu	lín
Accusative	ątok, tok	ąćeč, ćeč	ątokma, tokma	ątokmu, tokmu	ąćečna, ćečna	henu	hená	henoma	henomu	henen
Ins./Loc.	bík	bíč	bekma	bekmu	bečna	bí	bá	bíma	bímu	bín

Verbs

The lemma form of verbs is the aorist 3rd person masculine.

kotol 'he killed'
Infinitive
kotlić
Present
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Imperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Aorist
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Future
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Pluperfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural
Future perfect
	Singular	Dual	Plural Nängic Syllable structure: (C)(Cə).(C)(C)V(C)[shʔ] VSO and head-initial, of course The unmarked 'absolute state' marked the end of the noun phrase. 'Construct state' or the connective was marked with a clitic "Bindungs"-*s. Proto-Nängic consonants Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal Nasal *m *n *ɲ *ŋ Plosive plain *p *t *c *k *ʔ voiced *b? *d? *ɟ? *g? implosive *ɓ *ɗ *ʄ Fricative *θ *s *h Trill *r Lat. app. *l Approximant *w *j Proto-Nängic vowels Front Central Back Close *i *u Mid *e *ə *o Open *æ *ɒ Trây PNäng > Trây *VC[+voiced] > *VːC[+voiceless] *s > [z] / #_[+voiced] *-s > [+phonation magic] > vowel changes and ablaut *ts-, *cs-, *tc- > *ss- > [s] <ß> Absolute state suffix The absolute state suffix -n arose from a phrase-final syllabic nasal particle. It has made the language more trochaic; however, it is only used when the noun's stem ends in a plosive. I know you're going "suffix, schmuffix" but I'm literally evolving this language into more consistency and naturalism! Or, Pjong kiak! ('more life!') Bôr *θ > *v *c- > *t͡s- *lV, *rV > *Vr, *Vl? Or *Cl-, *Cr- > *Cˤ? Bôr-A consonants Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal plain phar. plain phar. plain phar. plain phar. plain phar. Nasal m /m/ mr /mˤ/ n /n/ nr /nˤ/ ñ /ɲ/ ñr /ɲˤ/ ŋ /ŋ/ ŋr /ŋˤ/ Plosive voiceless p /p/ pr /pˤ/ t /t/ tr /tˤ/ k /k/ kr /kˤ/ ʔ /ʔ/ voiced b /b/ br /bˤ/ d /d/ dr /dˤ/ g /g/ gr /gˤ/ Fricative voiceless s /s/ sr /x/ h /h/ voiced f /v/ fr, wr /vˤ/ z /z/ zr /ɣ/ Affricate c /ts/ cr /tsˤ/ Lat. app. l /l/ Approximant w /w/ j /j/ Bôr vowels Front Central Back short long short long short long Close ı /i/ ır /iː/ u /ɯ/ ur /ɯː/ Mid e /ɛ/ er /ɛː/ y /ə/ yr /əː/ o /ɔ/ or /ɔː/ Open a /a/ ar /aː/ Tones! a: low level/modal ä: high creaky ą: low nasalized dipping ā: high tense ȧ: glottalized â: sharp falling Atzòpic Atzòpic hìzbut atzòpį Pronunciation [[w:Help:IPA|atsəˈpĩ]] Created by – Language family Zachydic Raxo-Talsmic Ractamic Atzòpic Early form Old Atzòpic Neguąsitł Linguifeczix, acthìzbutètł dǫsix uicìx! Motivated by Raxic C[+ejective]V > Atzòpic C[-ejective]V[+creaky] - Hence the ejectives disappear. /ks/ > /xs/ > /ʃ/ Seven cases: nominative -Ø accusative -z genitive -c (animate sg.?)/-z (inanimate sg.?)/-u (animate pl.?) dative -tł locative-comitative -x ablative -ː~ (nasalized vowel) instrumental -ːl Vowels change according to historical stress positions as well as historical ejective consonants. The Ractamic stress/vowel system start out similarly to Latin, but develop in very different directions. Consonants Labial Coronal Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal central lateral plain labialized Nasal m /m/ n /n/ [ŋ] Plosive tenuis p /p/ t /t/ c /k/ qu /kʷ/ h /ʔ/ aspirated b /pʰ/ d /tʰ/ g /kʰ/ gu /kʷʰ/ Fricative f /f/ z /s~z/ ł /ɬ/ x /ʃ/ [ʰ~ɦ] Affricate tenuis tz /ts/ tł /tɬ/ tx /tʃ/ aspirated dz /tsʰ/ dł /tɬʰ/ dx /tʃʰ/ Approximant s /ɹ/ l /l/ y /j/ u /w/ s [ʁ] Trill r /r/ Tīzian Another Ractamic/Neo-Raxic thing Music theory terminology blackwood[10] major: rāmáth 'diurnal' blackwood[10] minor: mináth 'nocturnal' the different ways of subtly tuning/i.e. well-temperaments are called 'seasons' (that lengthen or shorten the day and night). Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong I. Juttjick Kâmrâ' Waong, Ngüe Quur fâm'oy Plaong; Zott Mâmzäk prâbeis Loch lea Dâmgnenn Zweis! Wnirr Jâmtâmlech ngou, Feytaön zitt zâ Smou Möt målei Jimkbael, Seüruz daodue hael Talsmic Themsarian In Themsarian the topic is NOT prominent - the topic comes immediately after the verb most of the time? Old Vernacular Talsmic Old Vernacular Talsmic dialects are largely similar to Noble Themsarian, but there are grammatical, lexical and stylistic differences: Using the subject-infinitive more and more, eventually to express various aspectual and modal meanings. The synthetic preterite falls into disuse, being supplanted by the "after infinitive-subject" construction. Collapses all state distinctions in adjectives (into the former predicative form) The dual is often not used, except for emphasis or stylistic reasons. Given topic prominence and topicalization = fronting, new (discourse-new) subject is fronted, since it is new topic. Then this becomes a topic prominent/V2 language as in vernacular Talsmic. Relative clauses are by default VSO but can undergo fronting for focus. Discourse-new object is fronted as well. Qelorian The subject of a relative clause is indexed by adding a pronominal suffix on the head (if they are different) Núrian "Double Irish" aesthetic? Namely, fricatives 'h' + aspiration written with 'h'. The same could be accomplished with slenderness with...? Diachronics lab Pluractionality ≈ antipassive we exc/inc > we formal/intimate Demonstrative/definite affix > construct state: PL-clam-those [of the] man > PL-clam-CONST man Classifiers are in construct state this CL NOUN > the.GENDER NOUN apposition NOUN-1SG NOUN > CL-1SG NOUN > of_i-1SG NOUN_i PREP-3SG NOUN > CASE.SG-NOUN CONJ VERB NOUN > PREP NOUN evidential-marking "because" or "therefore", as opposed to the protasis verb feminine > abstract > honorific Dili Dili (diḷi khokši) is a Bonzic language using sizable clitic complexes. Relative clauses occur before the noun. There is no marking save the order. Witcanese Wetcanese is a mainly agglutinative, head-final language. Kòtih wanaih kèpwanchè. 1SG.GEN-ERG mother-ERG 1SG.ABS-hate-WIT My mother used to hate me. Phonology Wetcanese has a simple syllable structure relative to most European languages. Permissible syllable shapes are V, CV, VC, CVC, CGV, and CGVC where G is a glide. Grammar Nouns Noun Declension Number→ Case↓ Singular Plural Absolutive -0 -w, -u Ergative -ih -wih Dative -af -waf Locative -him -uhim, -whim Ablative -chay -uchay, -wchay Comitative -yã -uyã, -wyã Instrumental -run -urun, -wrun Essive -hòg -uhòg, -whòg Genitive -t- (see Genitive declension) Adjectives and Genitives Adjectives (including genitives) agree with the noun in case and number. Adjectives take the same endings as nouns. However, many adjectives are genitive adjectives formed form nouns, corresponding to the adjectival suffix in other languages. Genitive Declension Number→ Case↓ Singular Plural Absolutive -t -tèw Ergative -tih -twih Dative -taf -twaf Locative -thim -tuhim Ablative -tchay -tuchay Comitative -tyã -tuyã Instrumental -tèrun -turun Essive -thòg -tuhòg Genitive -tèt- Verbs Verbs in Wetcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of the infinitive or the future in other languages. Wetcanese mood/evidentiality affixes irrealis -Ø witness -chè emphatic -kòd jurative -tèmuh quotative -sha mirative -quh hearsay -ot inferential -eq assumptive -rwè optative -mes imperative -wõ potential -hiw desiderative -pãs admonitive -ay permissive -hyè Phátu nukuchè... When did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...) The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention. Qayòlih milám hugaquh. Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog. The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives. Qayòlih milám hugasha. The demon chased the dog. (narrative) The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses. Phi qhashãsay Do not wander around ha ãbè mòsipay lest this be forgotten Wetcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew), in order to focus a constituent. Focus prefixes absolutive ne- ergative hin- beneficiary mac- instrument qo- location ya- source hòt- goal up- time al- TAM session Aspect-mood clitics Ø aorist d(i)- progressive prospective inceptive continuative pausative resumptive cessative retrospective Person-tense clitics Number→ Person↓ Singulative Generic/Partitive Plurative Present 1 *na- *xa- (exclusive); *ŋe- (inclusive) 2 *sa- 3 *zə- *cə- *za- Past 1 2 3 Future 1 2 3 Jussive 1 2 3 Person enclitics Number→ Person↓ Singulative Generic/Partitive Plurative 1 2 3 Nominal declension Declension Number→ Generic Partitive Singulative Plurative Definiteness→ Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite Indefinite Definite Unpossessed 1sg 2sg 3sg.animate 3sg.inanimate 1ex 1in 2pl 3pl.animate 3pl.inanimate Impersonal Partitive No idea if this will work Conjugation Infinitive Active participle Antipassive participle Number→ Person↓ Singulative Collective/Partitive Plurative Aorist Active voice 1 2 3 Passive voice 1 2 Antipassive voice 3 Imperfect Active voice 1 2 3 Passive voice 1 2 Antipassive voice 3 Imperative Active voice 1 2 3 plân tròung or tròung plân /pˤán ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ pˤán/ plân tròung/tròung plân teacher house/house teacher The teacher's house plân mā tròung or tròung mā plân /pˤán ma̤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ or /ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ ma̤ pˤán/ plân mā tròung/tròung mā plân teacher INV house/house INV teacher The teacher of the house plân mā srâlk tròung /pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ plân mā srâkl tròung teacher INV pure house The house of the teacher of purity plân mā kli srâlk tròung /pˤán ma̤ kˤī ʂákˤ ʈʉ̌u̯ŋ/ plân mā kli srâkl tròung teacher INV DELIM pure house The teacher of the house of purity