Minhast: Difference between revisions

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=== Discourse Particles ===

Minhast has a wealth of particles used to manipulate discourse, convey attitudes and expectations, express dissent, reconnect prior speech with the present discourse topic, among many other functions. Some of these particles are treated as clausal adjuncts and as such are bound to their clause by a ''wa='' construction. The rules as to whether a preposed ''wa='' versus a postposed ''wa='' should be used with these particles is not fully understood. Some particles appear as stand-alone adjuncts, rarely if ever being bound with its clause by a ''wa='' construction.

{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"

|-

! Particle !! Type!! Usage

|-

! šenek

| Interruptive

| Used to politely prompt the listener to let the speaker resume talking, best translated as, "Pardon me/Excuse me”

|-

! anda

| Interruptive

| ~~Particle~~ used to break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the ~~force~~ of “If you'd ~~stop~~ a minute and let me speak...!”

| Similar to the interruptive function of ''šenek'', this particle is used to forcefully break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the connotation of “If you'd shut up a minute and let me speak...!”

|-

! ayyak

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! kāra

| Connective

| This particle is used to mark a clause as discourse material the speaker had forgotten to mentioned earlier, best translated as "Oh, by the way, I forgot to mention..."<br/> When combined with ''sitammā'' + previously mentioned discourse, the ''kāra''-marked clause marks the location where the clause of the sub-narrative should be inserted into the discourse. In this case, the ''kāra''-marked clause represents the prior event clause (PEC), and the ''sitammā''-marked clause identifies the succeeding event clause (SEC). The submorpheme -''mā'', serves to mark clauses that are dependent on the clause immediately preceding it, and hence has a strong sequential quality to it.

| This particle is used to mark a clause as discourse material the speaker had forgotten to mentioned earlier, best translated as "Oh, by the way, I forgot to mention..."<br/> When combined with ''sitammā'' + previously mentioned discourse, the ''kāra''-marked clause marks the location where the clause of the sub-narrative should be inserted into the discourse. In this case, the ''kāra''-marked clause (joined to its clause by a preposed ''wa='' construction) represents the prior event clause (PEC), and the ''sitammā''-marked clause identifies the succeeding event clause (SEC). The submorpheme -''mā'', serves to mark clauses that are dependent on the clause immediately preceding it, and hence has a strong sequential quality to it.

SECs in Minhast cannot precede PECs, so the ''kāra'' + [PEC] + ''=sitammā'' + [SEC] structure is used as a strategy to convey discourse where SEC + PEC sequences are allowed in other languages, such as in the English “Before he bought the wine from the store, he stopped at the ATM to withdraw some money.” In Minhast this must be rendered as illustrated in the following calque: “By the way, I forgot to mention, he stopped at the ATM then withdrew some money, then he went to the store” using the ''kāra'' + [PEC] + ''=sitammā'' + [SEC] structure.

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! =sitammā

| Connective

| This is actually a clitic, not a particle. It is always used in conjunction with ''kāra'' (see previous entry on ''kāra'')

| This is actually a verbal clitic, not a particle. It is always used in conjunction with ''kāra'' (see previous entry on ''kāra'')

|-

! šukna

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 === Discourse Particles ===
+Minhast has a wealth of particles used to manipulate discourse, convey attitudes and expectations, express dissent, reconnect prior speech with the present discourse topic, among many other functions.  Some of these particles are treated as clausal adjuncts and as such are bound to their clause by a ''wa='' construction.  The rules as to whether a preposed ''wa='' versus a postposed ''wa='' should be used with these particles is not fully understood.  Some particles appear as stand-alone adjuncts, rarely if ever being bound with its clause by a ''wa='' construction.
 {|  class="bluetable lightbluebg"
 |-
 ! Particle !! Type!! Usage
+|-
+! šenek
+| Interruptive
+| Used to politely prompt the listener to let the speaker resume talking, best translated as, "Pardon me/Excuse me”
 |-
 ! anda
 | Interruptive
-| Particle used to break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the force of “If you'd stop a minute and let me speak...!”
+| Similar to the interruptive function of ''šenek'', this particle is used to forcefully break a long-winded monologue by the other speech participant, with the connotation of “If you'd shut up a minute and let me speak...!”
 |-
 ! ayyak
@@ Line 1,515: / Line 1,522: @@
 ! kāra
 | Connective
-| This particle is used to mark a clause as discourse material the speaker had forgotten to mentioned earlier, best translated as "Oh, by the way, I forgot to mention..."<br/> When combined with ''sitammā'' + previously mentioned discourse, the ''kāra''-marked clause marks the location where the clause of the sub-narrative should be inserted into the discourse.  In this case, the ''kāra''-marked clause represents the prior event clause (PEC), and the ''sitammā''-marked clause identifies the succeeding event clause (SEC).  The submorpheme -''mā'', serves to mark clauses that are dependent on the clause immediately preceding it, and hence has a strong sequential quality to it.
+| This particle is used to mark a clause as discourse material the speaker had forgotten to mentioned earlier, best translated as "Oh, by the way, I forgot to mention..."<br/> When combined with ''sitammā'' + previously mentioned discourse, the ''kāra''-marked clause marks the location where the clause of the sub-narrative should be inserted into the discourse.  In this case, the ''kāra''-marked clause (joined to its clause by a preposed ''wa='' construction) represents the prior event clause (PEC), and the ''sitammā''-marked clause identifies the succeeding event clause (SEC).  The submorpheme -''mā'', serves to mark clauses that are dependent on the clause immediately preceding it, and hence has a strong sequential quality to it.
 SECs in Minhast cannot precede PECs, so the ''kāra'' + [PEC] + ''=sitammā'' + [SEC] structure is used as a strategy to convey discourse where SEC + PEC sequences are allowed in other languages, such as in the English “Before he bought the wine from the store, he stopped at the ATM to withdraw some money.”  In Minhast this must be rendered as illustrated in the following calque: “By the way, I forgot to mention, he stopped at the ATM then withdrew some money, then he went to the store” using the ''kāra'' + [PEC] + ''=sitammā'' + [SEC] structure.
@@ Line 1,523: / Line 1,530: @@
 ! =sitammā
 | Connective
-| This is actually a clitic, not a particle.  It is always used in conjunction with ''kāra'' (see previous entry on ''kāra'')
+| This is actually a verbal clitic, not a particle.  It is always used in conjunction with ''kāra'' (see previous entry on ''kāra'')
 |-
 ! šukna