Dundulanyä: Difference between revisions

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|+ Dundulanyä verb structure

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| ~~Prefix~~ || '''Stem''' || '''Trigger/voice''' || '''Evidential marker''' || '''Personal agreement''' || Dative agreement

| rowspan=2 | Positional prefix || Incorporated verbal root || rowspan=2 | '''Stem''' || rowspan=2 | '''Trigger/voice''' || rowspan=2 | '''Evidential marker''' || rowspan=2 | '''Personal agreement''' || rowspan=2 | Dative agreement

|-

|| Incorporated nominal root

|}

Verbs have four stems: present, past, perfect and frequentative; the latter two are always distinct, while non-ablauting roots have the same stems for the present and the past. These stems are used with different sets of personal agreement endings; different combinations of stems and endings are used to form a variety of tense-aspect combinations.<br/>A few irregular verbs have suppletive stems, and a smaller number of verbs is defective, lacking one or more stems.

====Root incorporation====

Some verb roots may be used with either a verbal or a nominal incorporated root which comes right before the stem in the verb complex. Incorporated verb roots are always in zero-grade ablaut, while incorporated nominal roots are actually a closed class of prefixes etymologically related to certain nouns that broadly identify the object (usually the patient) of the verb.

Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with "nily-'' "to think".<br/>

Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").

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 |+ Dundulanyä verb structure
 |-
-| Prefix || '''Stem''' || '''Trigger/voice''' || '''Evidential marker''' || '''Personal agreement''' || Dative agreement
+| rowspan=2 | Positional prefix || Incorporated verbal root || rowspan=2 |  '''Stem''' || rowspan=2 | '''Trigger/voice''' || rowspan=2 |  '''Evidential marker''' || rowspan=2 |  '''Personal agreement''' || rowspan=2 |  Dative agreement
+|-
+|| Incorporated nominal root
 |}
 Verbs have four stems: present, past, perfect and frequentative; the latter two are always distinct, while non-ablauting roots have the same stems for the present and the past. These stems are used with different sets of personal agreement endings; different combinations of stems and endings are used to form a variety of tense-aspect combinations.<br/>A few irregular verbs have suppletive stems, and a smaller number of verbs is defective, lacking one or more stems.
+====Root incorporation====
+Some verb roots may be used with either a verbal or a nominal incorporated root which comes right before the stem in the verb complex. Incorporated verb roots are always in zero-grade ablaut, while incorporated nominal roots are actually a closed class of prefixes etymologically related to certain nouns that broadly identify the object (usually the patient) of the verb.
+Incorporated verb roots form root+root complexes where the incorporated root adds a dimension of meaning to the main one, such as with the root ''jūpūn-'' "to work in a hurry" from ''pūn-'' "to work" with the incorporated root ''jo-'' "to hurry", or ''nililobh-'' "to write down through brainstorming" from ''lobh-'' "to write" with "nily-'' "to think".<br/>
+Incorporated nominal roots include for example morphemes such as ''tan-'' for a long object (cf. ''taṇḍa'' "stick, cane") resulting in forms such as ''taṃlobh-'' "to affix; carve (on a stick, a post)", or ''ghar-'' for "wood" with forms such as ''ghahreiś-'' "to debark" (''reiś-'' "to peel") or ''gharṇevy-'' "to carve wood" (''nevy-'' "to shape").
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