Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
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Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way: | Bare-copula questions are answered in the following way: | ||
Say the question is אן | Say the question is אן אפשר לא יואל שעין׳ ''Ăn efșăr lă Yual șeyņ?'' 'Can Yual (Yoel) sing?'. Then the 'yes' and 'no' answers are: | ||
* | * אפשר ''Efșăr.'' 'Yes (he can).' | ||
* כֿ | * כֿנאפשר ''Chnefșăr.'' 'No (he can't).' | ||
The tag questions work as follows: | The tag questions work as follows: | ||
* כֿ | * כֿנאפשר לא יואל שעין׳, אן אפֿשר ''Chnefșăr lă Yual șeyņ, ăn efșăr?'' 'Yual can't sing, can he?' | ||
* | * אפשר לא יואל שעין׳, נאך אפֿשר ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, năch efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?' | ||
Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | Only the present affirmative form differs from the usual copula. The interrogative particle ''ăn'' changes to ''ăm'' before a labial, and ''chan'' becomes ''cha'' before a vowel. | ||
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** אם פּתי ''ăm pesi'' 'the fool' | ** אם פּתי ''ăm pesi'' 'the fool' | ||
** אם בּיעג ''ăm biegh'' 'the food' | ** אם בּיעג ''ăm biegh'' 'the food' | ||
** אם | ** אם פיעך ''ăm fiech'' 'the raven' | ||
** אם ווֹנעטאר ''ăm vunedăr'' 'the (romantic) admirer' | ** אם ווֹנעטאר ''ăm vunedăr'' 'the (romantic) admirer' | ||
** אם מצווה ''ăm mițvă'' 'the (religious) commandment' | ** אם מצווה ''ăm mițvă'' 'the (religious) commandment' | ||
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For feminine nouns when ''not'' accusative and masculine nouns when accusative: | For feminine nouns when ''not'' accusative and masculine nouns when accusative: | ||
* Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''d'', ''z'', ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite, and the following rule is applied to the lenited form: | * Nouns beginning with a lenitable consonant (except ''d'', ''z'', ''t'' and ''ț'') lenite, and the following rule is applied to the lenited form: | ||
** א ''ă'' before historical liquids, and non-sibilant fricatives (/j/ doesn't count as a fricative): א מֿענין ''ă mhenin'' = the wife, א | ** א ''ă'' before historical liquids, and non-sibilant fricatives (/j/ doesn't count as a fricative): א מֿענין ''ă mhenin'' = the wife, א פֿר'עקארץ ''ă fhŗegărț'' = the answer | ||
** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן קֿ'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn us'' = the letter (character) | ** אן ''ăn'' otherwise: אן קֿ'על'אך ''ăn ģhełăch'' = the moon, אן אות ''ăn us'' = the letter (character) | ||
* Feminine nouns beginning in ''d z t ț'' don't lenite: אן תּוֹרה ''ăn Tură'' 'the Torah'. | * Feminine nouns beginning in ''d z t ț'' don't lenite: אן תּוֹרה ''ăn Tură'' 'the Torah'. | ||
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Using adjectives before subjects used with a naked copula is flowery and can be used to evoke either Biblical Hebrew or older Irish. | Using adjectives before subjects used with a naked copula is flowery and can be used to evoke either Biblical Hebrew or older Irish. | ||
: נאס- | : נאס-פיאָר א חכמה נא כּלי-מלחמה | ||
: ''Năs-fyor ă chochmă nă cley-milchomă.'' | : ''Năs-fyor ă chochmă nă cley-milchomă.'' | ||
: 'Wisdom is better than weapons of war.' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב) | : 'Wisdom is better than weapons of war.' (טוֹבָה חָכְמָה מִכְּלֵי קְרָב) | ||
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''chu ADJ ŗi NOUN'' is used for 'as ADJ as NOUN'. | ''chu ADJ ŗi NOUN'' is used for 'as ADJ as NOUN'. | ||
Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is usually formed with -ă or palatalization + -ă: | Comparatives are formed by adding נאס ''năs'' 'more' and אס ''ăs'' 'most' before the comparative form of the adjective, which is usually formed with -ă or palatalization + -ă: פוֹאר, נאס-פוֹארא, אס-פוֹארא ''fuar, năs-fuară, ăs-fuară'' 'cold, colder, coldest'. Adjectives of Hebrew and Aramaic origin don't palatalize: מיאוס, נאס-מיאוסא ''mies, năs-miesă'' 'bad'. The word נא ''nă'' is used for 'than'. | ||
There is no tense change for comparatives unlike in Irish where ''níos mó'' 'bigger' changes to ''ní ba mó'' in the past tense. | There is no tense change for comparatives unlike in Irish where ''níos mó'' 'bigger' changes to ''ní ba mó'' in the past tense. | ||
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Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms (not counting emphatic forms): | Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms (not counting emphatic forms): | ||
* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י איב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi iv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun' | * subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י איב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi iv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun' | ||
** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly '' | ** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''ied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bih'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings. | ||
** ''Șņi'' is coincidentally the same as the expected reflex of Old Irish ''sní'', but it's actually from Middle Irish ''sinne'' 'we (emphatic)'. | ** ''Șņi'' is coincidentally the same as the expected reflex of Old Irish ''sní'', but it's actually from Middle Irish ''sinne'' 'we (emphatic)'. | ||
** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Bhă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.' | ** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Bhă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.' | ||
** In insults: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazir '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!' | ** In insults: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazir '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!' | ||
* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula | * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula | ||
** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi | ** '''''Șe''' ăm pŗivrav tăģ ăm bală giņi.'' 'He's the chief rabbi of our town.' | ||
** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pŗivrav | ** '''''Șeșăn''' ăm pŗivrav.'' = 'It's him who's the chief rabbi.' | ||
* prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession | * prefixed pronouns: מא-, טא-, א-, א(ה)-, אָר(ן)-, בֿאר(ן)-, א(ן)- ''mă°, dă°, ă°, ă(h)-, or(n)-, văr(n)-, ă(n)-'' inalienable possession | ||
* Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'': | * Direct object pronouns are also prefixed (they were historically possessive pronouns, like inalienable pronouns), but they fuse with the words ''ă(g)'', ''ņey'' and the infinitive marker ''ă'': | ||