Netagin: Difference between revisions

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===Relative clauses===

==== Balanced relative clauses ====

For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has ~~two relativizers:~~

For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has the relativizer ''be''. Netagin restricts relative clause syntax in that the head must be a direct object of the relative clause (if necessary, after taking the applicative form of the verb).

*''be''~~: a noun relativized with ''~~be~~'' can be either the subject or the direct object.~~

*''myri'' unambiguously denotes a direct object (if necessary, after taking the applicative).

~~subject:~~

:''nea páles '''bea''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made

~~:''nea vůlqe '''bea''' lyxźam'''is''''' - the woman who loves me~~

~~direct object:~~

:''nea páles '''bea~~/myri~~''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made

Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:

:''ni rycům '''bi~~/myri~~''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with

:''ni rycům '''bi''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with

Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.

:''nea jove '''bea~~/myri~~''' qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb''

:''nea jove '''bea''' qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb''

:DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father

:the girl whose father i know

:the girl whose father I know

Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:

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*Comparing NPs: ''the team that we ate more apples than'' = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"

*For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express ''the only student I am taller than'', for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.

*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)

*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR"(pseudogloss)

The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use the gap strategy, like Southeast Asian languages. Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.

The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use either the gap strategy or resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.

==== Deranked relative clauses ====

Netagin also has deranked relative clauses, which uses possessed verbal nouns and (todo:) mirror similar constructions in Lushootseed (cf. English ''the weapon of your choosing''). The possessor of such a verbal noun is always the patient. This construction must be used exactly when the subject is the head.

@@ Line 533: / Line 533: @@
 ===Relative clauses===
 ==== Balanced relative clauses ====
-For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has two relativizers:
+For balanced relative clauses, Netagin has the relativizer ''be''. Netagin restricts relative clause syntax in that the head must be a direct object of the relative clause (if necessary, after taking the applicative form of the verb).
-*''be'': a noun relativized with ''be'' can be either the subject or the direct object.
-*''myri'' unambiguously denotes a direct object (if necessary, after taking the applicative).
-subject:
+:''nea páles '''bea''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made
-:''nea vůlqe '''bea''' lyxźam'''is''''' - the woman who loves me
-direct object:
-:''nea páles '''bea/myri''' '''s'''admurxil'' - the cake that I made
 Only subjects and direct objects can be relativized directly. Relativizing oblique objects requires using the applicative voice:
-:''ni rycům '''bi/myri''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with
+:''ni rycům '''bi''' '''q'''yp'''ym'''lakvil'' - the fork that I eat with
 Possessors also use the applicative strategy. However, if the verb already has an object, the verb's object affix agrees with the original object, not the relativized noun.
-:''nea jove '''bea/myri''' qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb''
+:''nea jove '''bea''' qytymŋalxil (*sytymŋalxil) ne qeb''
 :DET girl REL appl-3SG.M-know.1SG DET father
-:the girl whose father i know
+:the girl whose father I know
 Comparative objects cannot be relativized in any way, at least in prose Netagin:
@@ Line 554: / Line 549: @@
 *Comparing NPs: ''the team that we ate more apples than'' = "The team whose eating of the apple we exceeded"
 *For comparison of adjectives, Netagin can express ''the only student I am taller than'', for example, as "the only student shorter than me", or "the only student whose tallness I exceed", using one of the above constructions.
-*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR" (pseudogloss)
+*For comparison of adverbs, again the auxiliary verb corresponding to the adverb is used with either the transgressive or the verbal noun of the lexical verb. The auxiliary can take applicatives and direct objects: ''the only student I can jump higher than'' = "the only student REL him-APPL-do_better-1SG jump.TRGR"(pseudogloss)
+The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use the gap strategy, like Southeast Asian languages. Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.
-The ''pyśme vean'' "such that" + resumptive pronoun construction is always available in late Classical Netagin. The applicative has been lost in Modern Netagin vernaculars, which instead use either the gap strategy or resumptive pronouns for less "relativizable" positions in the relativization hierarchy). Internally headed relative clauses are restricted to poetry, even in Classical Netagin.
 ==== Deranked relative clauses ====
 Netagin also has deranked relative clauses, which uses possessed verbal nouns and (todo:) mirror similar constructions in Lushootseed (cf. English ''the weapon of your choosing''). The possessor of such a verbal noun is always the patient. This construction must be used exactly when the subject is the head.