Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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|script=Hebrew script

}}

In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָליזש תּאק נא יידיהּ ''ă Gholiģ (tăg nă Yidith)'' /ə 'ʁoltʃ (t̪ʰək nə jit̪ih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''an Iodais'') is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the so-called Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (נא צרפֿתיהּ ''nă ~~Țărfósith~~''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (mainly Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Ireland, Canada, and the US. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.

In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָליזש תּאק נא יידיהּ ''ă Gholiģ (tăg nă Yidith)'' /ə 'ʁoltʃ (t̪ʰək nə jit̪ih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''an Iodais'') is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the so-called Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (נא צרפֿתיהּ ''nă Țărfósih''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (mainly Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Ireland, Canada, and the US. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.

Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Hebrew, English and Irish are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew for worship and prayer and Aramaic for study of rabbinic texts).

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!<small>tenuis/lenis</small>

| '''b''' {{IPA|p}}

| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|~~t̪s̪~~}}

| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪{{{1}}}͡s̪}}

| '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}}

| '''g''' {{IPA|k}}

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!<small>aspirated/fortis</small>

| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}}

| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|~~t̪s̪ʰ~~}}

| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪{{{1}}}͡s̪ʰ}}

| '''c̦''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}

| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}

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| '''f, ph''' {{IPA|f}}

| || '''s''' {{IPA|s̪}}

| '''ș, c̦h, ~~r̦th~~''' {{IPA|ʃ}}

| '''ș, c̦h, r̦h''' {{IPA|ʃ}}

| '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}}

| '''h, th, sh, țh''' {{IPA|h}}

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|}

Notes

* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [~~pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪s̪ˑʰ tʃˑʰ~~ kˑʰ].

* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪{{{1}}}͡s̪ˑʰ t{{{1}}}͡ʃˑʰ kˑʰ].

* Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native.

* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl ~~rth~~ rt~~= rtsh rts~~ rs/ are realized as retroflex [~~N Th T= TSh TS S~~], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.

* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt{{{1}}}͡sʰ rt{{{1}}}͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ{{{1}}}͡ʂʰ ʈ{{{1}}}͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.

* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects.

* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.

* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' 'at her'.

* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t{{{1}}}͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t{{{1}}}͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'.

* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.

* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c̦] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞].

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Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:

zero b v gh z ģ th d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c̦ g r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ʁ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =

zero b v gh z ģ h d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c̦ g r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ʁ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =

א בּ ב ג ז זש ח ט י(י) כּ כ/ך ל ל׳ מ/ם נ/ן נ׳/ן׳ ס פּ ף צ/ץ צש ק ר ר׳ ש תּ

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* răv e ney = jussive pfv.

*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ~~ith~~'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ~~ith~~'' = he ate/has eaten.

*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ih'' = he ate/has eaten.

** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...?

** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not...

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** ireal conditional: ''năm b'e''

** irreral cond. neg. ''năn nach rǎv e...''

*Future: ''bey e ăg ~~ith~~'' = he will eat

*Future: ''bey e ăg ih'' = he will eat

**''ă bey șe...'' = will he...?

**''cha bhey șe...'' = he will not...

**''nach bhey șe...'' = won't he...?

**''ă/gum bis șe...'' = REL/COMP he will...

*Past: ''v'e ăg ~~ith~~'' = he was eating/he would eat

*Past: ''v'e ăg ih'' = he was eating/he would eat

**''ă răv e...'' = was he...?/would he?

**''cha răv e...'' = he was not.../he would not...

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**''afíli mă to/mă nach'' = even if

** דאָז ''doz'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis.

*''~~ith~~!'' = Eat! (2sg)

*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)

*''~~ithăv~~!'' = Eat! (2pl)

*''ihăv!'' = Eat! (2pl)

*''no h-~~ith~~(ăv)!'' = Don't eat!

*''no h-ih(ăv)!'' = Don't eat!

Hebrew verbs are usually borrowed in their verbal noun forms.

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:כֿאַנעל שי נ׳עי איהּ כּעראכּאן-שינט, כּי שע וועגאַן א בֿ' אינצי

: '''''Chanel și ņey ~~ith~~ cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.'''''

: '''''Chanel și ņey ih cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.'''''

: ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.''

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* אפֿשר לא יואל שעין׳, נאַך אפֿשר ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, nach efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?'

When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!'

: A: ''T'e chu ~~math~~ ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'

: A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'

: B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?'

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Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes:

* ''ła-'''b'''~~ŗethă~~'' (m) 'birthday' (''ła'' 'day' is masculine)

* ''ła-'''b'''ŗehă'' (m) 'birthday' (''ła'' 'day' is masculine)

* ''călă-'''fh'''~~erthiņă~~'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).

* ''călă-'''fh'''erhiņă'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).

Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly

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Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either

* if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -țăn (''tał, talțăn'' 'earth')

* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''~~bŗethun~~, ~~bŗethunăn~~'' 'judge')

* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗehun, bŗehunăn'' 'judge')

** Western dialects ''~~bŗethun~~, ~~bŗethună~~''

** Western dialects ''bŗehun, bŗehună''

** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''~~bŗeythín~~, ~~bŗeythínăn~~'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -iniņ'')

** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeyhín, bŗeyhínăn'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -iniņ'')

** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''~~bŗithăv~~/-u, ~~bŗithun~~''

** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗihăv/-u, bŗihun''

{| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"

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|-

! Indefinite

| ''~~bŗethun~~'' || ''~~bŗethunăn~~''

| ''bŗehun'' || ''bŗehunăn''

|-

! Definite

| ''ăm ~~bŗethun~~'' || ''nă ~~bŗethunăn~~''

| ''ăm bŗehun'' || ''nă bŗehunăn''

|-

! Definite acc.

| ''ă ~~bhŗethună~~'' || ''năm ~~bŗethunăn~~''

| ''ă bhŗehună'' || ''năm bŗehunăn''

|}

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Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except

* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''~~Yidith~~'';

* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''Yidth'';

* the plural of adjectives with unstressed ''-i'' is unchanged (unlike nouns with unstressed ''-i'' which always pluralize as ''-im'', even native nouns);

* the plural of ''ołiņ'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''.

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:''The arc of the moral universe is long.''

''Gu'' (with h-prothesis) is used to form adverbs from adjectives: ''gu ~~math~~'' 'well' from ''~~math~~'' 'good'. It's also used in front of predicative adjectives to indicate that the adjective is a current, often temporary state, e.g.

''Gu'' (with h-prothesis) is used to form adverbs from adjectives: ''gu mah'' 'well' from ''mah'' 'good'. It's also used in front of predicative adjectives to indicate that the adjective is a current, often temporary state, e.g.

* ''gu ~~math~~'' 'well, in good health'

* ''gu mah'' 'well, in good health'

* ''To i gu ~~teth~~'' 'It's hot'

* ''To i gu teh'' 'It's hot'

Using adjectives before subjects used with a naked copula is flowery and can be used to evoke either Biblical Hebrew or older Irish.

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===Pronouns===

Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms (not counting emphatic forms):

* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י שיב איעט ''mi ~~thu~~ e i șņi șiv ied''; האר ''~~thăr~~'' 'impersonal pronoun'

* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ׳י שיב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi șiv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun'

** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''șied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm ~~bith~~'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings.

** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''șied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bih'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings.

** ''Șņi'' is coincidentally the same as the expected reflex of Old Irish ''sní'', but it's actually from Middle Irish ''sinne'' 'we (emphatic)'.

** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Vă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'

** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Bhă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'

** In insults: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazir '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!'

* copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula

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* suffixed pronouns, on prepositions

''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''~~Thu~~'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God).

''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''Hu'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God).

All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)esăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?'

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** emphatic forms: ''tamsă, tadsă, teģsăn, teçișă, teņín, tavsă, tacăsăn''

** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg''

*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(~~thi~~), diņi, div, du(~~thă~~)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)

*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(hi), diņi, div, du(hă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)

*''ză°, z''' 'off' (corresponding to ''ăr'' 'on'): ''zum, zid, ze, zi(~~thi~~), ziņi, ziv, zu(~~thă~~)''

*''ză°, z''' 'off' (corresponding to ''ăr'' 'on'): ''zum, zid, ze, zi(hi), ziņi, ziv, zu(hă)''

*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, ~~uathi~~, uaņi, uav, ~~uathă~~''

*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, oyhi, uaņi, uav, uahă''

*''in'' 'in': ''inum, inăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, iniņi, iniv, intă''

** ''in'' has the allomorphs ''in, ind, im, i'' with the same rules as the definite article ''ăn'': ''im mițvă, ind ișģă, i chalăg ...''

*''ăr°'' 'on': ''ărum, ărăd, eŗ, ~~eŗthi~~, ăriņi, ăriv, ~~orthă~~''

*''ăr°'' 'on': ''ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗhi, ăriņi, ăriv, orhă''

** emphatic 3ms form is ''ersăn''

*''ăs'' 'out of' (corresponding to ''in'' 'in'): ''asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asă''

*''ru°'' 'before, in front of': ''ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompă''

*''ŗi(n)'' 'with': ''ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ~~ŗethi~~, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ~~ŗethă~~''

*''ŗi(n)'' 'with': ''ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗehi, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗehă''

*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, ~~lethi~~, liņi, liv, ~~lethă~~''

*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lehi, liņi, liv, lehă''

** some contamination from Semitic l- should happen

*''țimpum'' 'around' suppletes: ''umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpă''

*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, făy, ~~fithi~~, fuņi, fuv, ~~futhă~~''

*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, făy, fihi, fuņi, fuv, fuhă''

*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, ~~iziŗthi~~, edriņi, edriv, ~~izărthă~~''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, ~~izărthă~~'' are literary.

*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, iziŗhi, edriņi, edriv, izărhă''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărhă'' are literary.

** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects is often ''izăr X is izăr Y'' or ''izăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X lă Y''

====Combinations====

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* izăr 'between' (+ disj.)

* son 'for, for the sake of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')

* ăr ~~sgoth~~ 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')

* ăr sgoh 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')

* ătoŗ (+ disj.) (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing')

Some dialects such as the ~~Nithish-influenced~~ dialect do inflect pseudo-prepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''

Some dialects such as the Baltic dialect do inflect pseudo-prepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''

===Adverbs===

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0 = ''efăs'', ''ă h-efăs'' (number zero)

counting numbers: ă h-eyn, ă du, ă tŗi, ă c̦~~ethăr~~, ă cuģ, ă șie (some dialects ''ă șey'' or ''ă șeyș''), ă șefd, ă h-ăfd, ă năy, ă zeș

counting numbers: ă h-eyn, ă du, ă tŗi, ă c̦ehăr, ă cuģ, ă șie (some dialects ''ă șey'' or ''ă șeyș''), ă șefd, ă h-ăfd, ă năy, ă zeș

11, 12, ... = ă h-eyn zeg, ă du zeg, ă tŗi zeg...

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===Noun phrase===

The demonstratives, when pronominal, are שאַ, שין, שוֹט ''șa, șin, șud'' corresponding to the Irish demonstratives ''seo, sin, siúd''. The adnominal demonstratives may use

* the native Gaelic syntax: אן עיהא שאַ ''ăn ~~eythă~~ șa'' 'this night'

* the native Gaelic syntax: אן עיהא שאַ ''ăn eyhă șa'' 'this night'

* the Hebrew syntax: אן עיהא אן שאַ ''ăn ~~eythă~~ ăn șa''

* the Hebrew syntax: אן עיהא אן שאַ ''ăn eyhă ăn șa''

* the Arabic syntax (imported via Medieval Hebrew): שאַ אן עיהא ''șa ăn ~~eythă~~''

* the Arabic syntax (imported via Medieval Hebrew): שאַ אן עיהא ''șa ăn eyhă''

** This more commonly means 'this is the night'.

The first two are roughly equally common and the last syntax is the rarest.

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* ''tel lum'' 'I like'

* ''fyor lum'' 'I prefer'

* ''~~fuath~~/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger)

* ''fuah/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger)

* ''tosăch'' 'to begin'

* ''zeřăch'' 'to finish'

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*''-nă, -năn'' 'feminine suffix' (Hivantish ''-nir'' < -nih2)

** חברנא ''chovărnă'' 'girlfriend' from חבר ''chovăr'' '(boy)friend'

*''-ăch'', ''-~~ith~~'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"

*''-ăch'', ''-ih'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"

*''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives

*''-in'' (m): diminutive

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** ''Mil tudă'' = A thousand thanks

** ''Răvóvă tudă'' = (effusive) Ten thousand thanks

*''Șe dă-~~bhethă~~/văr-~~bethă~~'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')

*''Șe dă-bhehă/văr-behă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')

* ''Borich-hăbó'' (to sg) / ''Brüchim-hăbóim'' (to pl) = Welcome

** ''Brüchim-hănimțóim'' = reply to 'Welcome' (lit. blessed are those who are here)

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*''Ga/Gav mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me (''gav'' is the plural form)

*''To m' ăg ieŗi canțin Yidiș, ăch chan efșăr lum.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.

*''Blien ~~mhath~~ bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)

*''Blien mhah bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)

*''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch ~~gorzăch~~'' 'Happy Passover'

*''[holiday] mah/gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch mah'' 'Happy Passover'; ''Yundăv mah'' = Happy holidays

* ''Bă thel lum...'' 'I would like'

** ''Ăm bă thel led/liv'' = 'Would you like...'

Line 1,077:

* ''To i șo'' = It's 1:00

* ''To i XX minid ņey șo'' = It's 1:XX

* ''... ~~leth~~ ņey șo'' = 1:30

* ''... leh ņey șo'' = 1:30

* ''... du șo'' = 2:00

* ''șo zeag'' = 11:00

Line 1,094:

** Poetic: בּיאָל׳תּין׳ Byołtiņ

* יוֹן Yun

** Poetic: מעהאב ~~Methăv~~ (re-archaized from ~~meth~~)

** Poetic: מעהאב Mehăv (re-archaized from meh)

* יוֹל Yul

* אָקוֹסט Ogúsd

Line 1,162:

: תּאָ נא ה-אילא חיות כּאב-איענאן, אך תּא כּיז נא חיות נאס-כּאב-איענאנא. (אס "אן תּוֹאהּ תּאזש נא חיות")

: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn ~~Tuath~~ tăģ nă Chayăs"'')

: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn Tuah tăģ nă Chayăs"'')

: All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. (from ''Animal Farm'')

Line 1,172:

! 1:1

|| {{rtl|{{Heb|נוֹאר׳ אָ זיע נ׳עי תּאסאך א כֿרוֹהאך נא נ׳עבֿא איס נא תּאַל׳וֹן —}}}}

||''Nuaŗ o Zie ņey tăsăch ă ~~chruthăch~~ nă ņevă is nă tałun —''

||''Nuaŗ o Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruhăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —''

|| [nuəʒ o tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəχ ˈkʰrʊhəχ nə nevə ɪs nə tʰa(w)un]

||''**Nuair a tha Dia an dèidh toiseach a' chruthachadh na nèimh agus na talmhainn —''

Line 1,193:

! 1:4

|| {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נ׳עי ףעצש אן סאָל׳אש, קוֹ בֿעל שע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ זיע נ׳עי זעל׳אך איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}}}}

|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e ~~math~~; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.''

|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e mah; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.''

|| [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel ʃe mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəχ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys]

|| ''**Tha Dia an dèidh faic an tsolais, gu bheil e maith; agus tha Dia an dèidh dealachadh idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.''

@@ Line 20: / Line 20: @@
 |script=Hebrew script
 }}
-In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש  ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָליזש ת&#1468;אק נא יידיה&#1468; ''ă Gholiģ (tăg nă Yidith)'' /ə 'ʁoltʃ (t̪ʰək nə jit̪ih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''an Iodais'') is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the so-called Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (נא צרפ&#1471;תיה&#1468; ''nă Țărfósith''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (mainly Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Ireland, Canada, and the US. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.
+In [[Verse:Irta|Irta]], '''Ăn Yidiș''' (natively אן ייִדיש ''ăn Yidiș'' /ən 'jɪt̪ɪʃ/ [ən 'jɪd̪ɪʃ] or אן אידיש  ''ăn Idiș'', historically א קֿאָליזש ת&#1468;אק נא יידיה&#1468; ''ă Gholiģ (tăg nă Yidith)'' /ə 'ʁoltʃ (t̪ʰək nə jit̪ih)/ '(Judeo-)Gaelic'; in-universe Hebrew: יידיש ''yidiš''; in-universe Standard Irish: ''an Iodais'') is a Goidelic language which is the historical vernacular of the so-called Tsarfati (= our France) Jews (נא צרפ&#1471;תיה&#1468; ''nă Țărfósih''). Today it is the main vernacular of major (mainly Hasidic) Jewish communities in Europe, Britain, Ireland, Canada, and the US. With over 13 million speakers, ~70% of whom live in North America, it is the second most spoken Celtic language after Irish and the most spoken Jewish language in Irta. Ăn Yidiș is a possible answer to "What if Yiddish were Goidelic?" and is called "Yiddish" in in-universe English.
 Among Ăn Yidiș speakers, Hebrew, English and Irish are common second languages (religious Jews learn Hebrew for worship and prayer and Aramaic for study of rabbinic texts).
@@ Line 117: / Line 117: @@
 !<small>tenuis/lenis</small>
 | '''b''' {{IPA|p}}
-| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪s̪}}
+| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪{{{1}}}&#865;s̪}}
 | '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}}
 | '''g''' {{IPA|k}}
@@ Line 124: / Line 124: @@
 !<small>aspirated/fortis</small>
 | '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}}
-| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪s̪ʰ}}
+| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪{{{1}}}&#865;s̪ʰ}}
 | '''c&#x326;''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}}
 | '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}}
@@ Line 133: / Line 133: @@
 | '''f, ph''' {{IPA|f}}
 | || '''s''' {{IPA|s̪}}
-| '''ș, c&#x326;h, r̦th''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
+| '''ș, c&#x326;h, r̦h''' {{IPA|ʃ}}
 | '''ch''' {{IPA|χ}}
 | '''h, th, sh, țh''' {{IPA|h}}
@@ Line 163: / Line 163: @@
 |}
 Notes
-* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪s̪ˑʰ tʃˑʰ kˑʰ].
+* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪{{{1}}}&#865;s̪ˑʰ t{{{1}}}&#865;ʃˑʰ kˑʰ].
 * Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native.
-* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rth rt= rtsh rts rs/ are realized as retroflex [N Th T= TSh TS S], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.
+* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt{{{1}}}&#865;sʰ rt{{{1}}}&#865;s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ{{{1}}}&#865;ʂʰ ʈ{{{1}}}&#865;ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.
 * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects.
 * /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.
-* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר&#1523;עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר&#1523;י ''tŗi'' '3' and צשי ''c&#x326;i'' 'at her'.
+* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר&#1523;עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t{{{1}}}&#865;ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר&#1523;י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c&#x326;i'' /t{{{1}}}&#865;ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'.
 * ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
 * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞].
@@ Line 247: / Line 247: @@
 Assume no initial lenition. The consonants are spelled as follows in non-Hebrew, non-Aramaic words:
-zero b v gh z ģ th d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c&#x326; g r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ʁ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =
+zero b v gh z ģ h d y c ch l ł m n ņ s p f ț c&#x326; g r ŗ ș t /0 p v k ʁ ts tʃ h t j kʰ χ l w m n s pʰ f tsʰ tʃʰ k r ʒ ʃ tʰ/ =
 א בּ ב ג ז זש ח ט י(י) כּ כ/ך ל ל&#1523; מ/ם נ/ן נ&#1523;/ן&#1523; ס פּ ף צ/ץ צש ק ר ר&#1523; ש תּ
@@ Line 393: / Line 393: @@
 * răv e ney = jussive pfv.
-*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ith'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ith'' = he ate/has eaten.
+*''To'' is most often used for the constructions: ''t' e ăg ih'' = he eats; he is eating and ''t' e ney ih'' = he ate/has eaten.
 ** pres. interr. ''vel e...'' = does he...?
 ** pres. neg. ''chnel e...'' = he does not...
@@ Line 408: / Line 408: @@
 ** ireal conditional: ''năm b'e''
 ** irreral cond. neg. ''năn nach rǎv e...''
-*Future: ''bey e ăg ith'' = he will eat
+*Future: ''bey e ăg ih'' = he will eat
 **''ă bey șe...'' = will he...?
 **''cha bhey șe...'' = he will not...
 **''nach bhey șe...'' = won't he...?
 **''ă/gum bis șe...'' = REL/COMP he will...
-*Past: ''v'e ăg ith'' = he was eating/he would eat
+*Past: ''v'e ăg ih'' = he was eating/he would eat
 **''ă răv e...'' = was he...?/would he?
 **''cha răv e...'' = he was not.../he would not...
@@ Line 421: / Line 421: @@
 **''afíli mă to/mă nach'' = even if
 ** דאָז ''doz'' 'then' can be used for the apodosis.
-*''ith!'' = Eat! (2sg)
+*''ih!'' = Eat! (2sg)
-*''ithăv!'' = Eat! (2pl)
+*''ihăv!'' = Eat! (2pl)
-*''no h-ith(ăv)!'' = Don't eat!
+*''no h-ih(ăv)!'' = Don't eat!
 Hebrew verbs are usually borrowed in their verbal noun forms.
@@ Line 457: / Line 457: @@
 :כֿאַנעל שי נ&#1523;עי איה&#1468; כּעראכּאן-שינט, כּי שע וועגאַן א בֿ' אינצי
-: '''''Chanel și ņey ith cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.'''''
+: '''''Chanel și ņey ih cerăcăn-Șind, ci șe vegán ă v' inți.'''''
 : ''She did not eat turkeys, because she was a vegan.''
@@ Line 479: / Line 479: @@
 * אפֿשר לא יואל שעין&#1523;, נאַך אפֿשר ''Efșăr lă Yual șeyņ, nach efșăr?'' 'Yual can sing, can't he?'
 When the corresponding tag question is used in reply to a statement, it means 'I know, right?'/'It really is the case!'
-: A: ''T'e chu math ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'
+: A: ''T'e chu mah ăr minăch.'' 'He's so good at explaining things.'
 : B: ''Năch el!'' 'I know, right?'
@@ Line 494: / Line 494: @@
 Concatenation exists but is more derivational, analogous to compounding in English. In native head-initial concatenations, the second element of a compound is treated as an adjective for mutation purposes:
-* ''ła-'''b'''ŗethă'' (m) 'birthday' (''ła'' 'day' is masculine)
+* ''ła-'''b'''ŗehă'' (m) 'birthday' (''ła'' 'day' is masculine)
-* ''călă-'''fh'''erthiņă'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).
+* ''călă-'''fh'''erhiņă'' (f) 'rainforest' (''călă'' 'forest' is feminine).
 Native plurals are more regular, marked with mostly ''-ăn'', or less commonly
@@ Line 709: / Line 709: @@
 Middle Irish -amh/-amhan nouns either
 * if feminine, the -amh is deleted and the plural is -țăn (''tał, talțăn'' 'earth')
-* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗethun, bŗethunăn'' 'judge')
+* if masculine, they change to ''-un, -unăn'' nouns (''bŗehun, bŗehunăn'' 'judge')
-** Western dialects ''bŗethun, bŗethună''
+** Western dialects ''bŗehun, bŗehună''
-** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeythín, bŗeythínăn'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -iniņ'')
+** Ballmer Ăn Yidiș: ''bŗeyhín, bŗeyhínăn'' (the Balămuriș cognate of Irish ''-ín'' has a different plural: ''-in, -iniņ'')
-** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗithăv/-u, bŗithun''
+** Nidiș-Yidiș: ''bŗihăv/-u, bŗihun''
 {| class="wikitable " style=" text-align: center;"
@@ Line 740: / Line 740: @@
 |-
 ! Indefinite
-| ''bŗethun'' || ''bŗethunăn''
+| ''bŗehun'' || ''bŗehunăn''
 |-
 ! Definite
-| ''ăm bŗethun'' || ''nă bŗethunăn''
+| ''ăm bŗehun'' || ''nă bŗehunăn''
 |-
 ! Definite acc.
-| ''ă bhŗethună'' || ''năm bŗethunăn''
+| ''ă bhŗehună'' || ''năm bŗehunăn''
 |}
@@ Line 753: / Line 753: @@
 Adjectives always have ''-ă'' in the plural, except
-* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''Yidith'';
+* the plural of ''-ăch'' is ''-ith'': the plural of יידאך ''Yidăch'' 'Jew(ish)' is יידיח ''Yidth'';
 * the plural of adjectives with unstressed ''-i'' is unchanged (unlike nouns with unstressed ''-i'' which always pluralize as ''-im'', even native nouns);
 * the plural of ''ołiņ'' 'lovely' is ''ołă''.
@@ Line 778: / Line 778: @@
 :''The arc of the moral universe is long.''
-''Gu'' (with h-prothesis) is used to form adverbs from adjectives: ''gu math'' 'well' from ''math'' 'good'. It's also used in front of predicative adjectives to indicate that the adjective is a current, often temporary state, e.g.
+''Gu'' (with h-prothesis) is used to form adverbs from adjectives: ''gu mah'' 'well' from ''mah'' 'good'. It's also used in front of predicative adjectives to indicate that the adjective is a current, often temporary state, e.g.
-* ''gu math'' 'well, in good health'
+* ''gu mah'' 'well, in good health'
-* ''To i gu teth'' 'It's hot'
+* ''To i gu teh'' 'It's hot'
 Using adjectives before subjects used with a naked copula is flowery and can be used to evoke either Biblical Hebrew or older Irish.
@@ Line 798: / Line 798: @@
 ===Pronouns===
 Ăn Yidiș pronouns have three forms  (not counting emphatic forms):
-* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ&#1523;י שיב איעט ''mi thu e i șņi șiv ied''; האר ''thăr'' 'impersonal pronoun'
+* subject/topic pronouns: מי הוֹ ע אי שנ&#1523;י שיב איעט ''mi hu e i șņi șiv ied''; האר ''hăr'' 'impersonal pronoun'
-** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''șied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bith'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings.
+** The 3sg gender neutral pronoun is most commonly ''șied''. As in English, ''e'' is preferred for a grammatically singular non-specific referent (e.g. ''ņech săm bih'' 'everyone') in older or traditionalist settings.
 ** ''Șņi'' is coincidentally the same as the expected reflex of Old Irish ''sní'', but it's actually from Middle Irish ''sinne'' 'we (emphatic)'.
-** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Vă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'
+** follows a finite form of the auxiliary ''bi'': ''Bhă '''mi''' ă cadăl.'' 'I was sleeping.'
 ** In insults: חזיר הוֹ ''Chazir '''thu'''!'' 'You pig!'
 * copular pronouns (the forms used as copulas; cleft constructions use the emphatic forms); see the section on the copula
@@ Line 814: / Line 814: @@
 * suffixed pronouns, on prepositions
-''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''Thu'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God).
+''Șiv'' is used as a polite 2nd person pronoun (the same way as Yiddish ''ir''; e.g. ''șiv'' is used for speaking to a rabbi). ''Hu'' is used when speaking to nonhumans (including God).
 All of these forms have emphatic counterparts: mișă, t(h)usă, (ș)esăn, (ș)ișă, șņeyn/șņin (from *sinne fhéin), (ș)ivșă, (ș)iedsăn. These are essentially the "default" independent forms. These are used to address someone: ''Tusă!''/''Ivșă!'' 'You!'. Expressions for 'only', 'except' and 'also' also require emphatic pronouns: אן אף תּוֹסא, בּרוֹתּוֹס ''Ăn af tusă, Brutus?'' 'Et tu, Brute?'
@@ Line 860: / Line 860: @@
 ** emphatic forms: ''tamsă, tadsă, teģsăn, teçișă, teņín, tavsă, tacăsăn''
 ** the ''tăģ/tag'' alternation is similar to that of ''ăģ/ăg''
-*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(thi), diņi, div, du(thă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)
+*''dă°, d' '' 'to, for': ''dum, did, do, di(hi), diņi, div, du(hă)'' (d- is deleted after a coronal obstruent)
-*''ză°, z''' 'off' (corresponding to ''ăr'' 'on'): ''zum, zid, ze, zi(thi), ziņi, ziv, zu(thă)''
+*''ză°, z''' 'off' (corresponding to ''ăr'' 'on'): ''zum, zid, ze, zi(hi), ziņi, ziv, zu(hă)''
-*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, uathi, uaņi, uav, uathă''
+*''u h-'' 'from' (corresp. to ''ăģ'' 'at'): ''uam, uad, ua, oyhi, uaņi, uav, uahă''
 *''in'' 'in': ''inum, inăd, ołn (spelled אָן), inți, iniņi, iniv, intă''
 ** ''in'' has the allomorphs ''in, ind, im, i'' with the same rules as the definite article ''ăn'': ''im mițvă, ind ișģă, i chalăg ...''
-*''ăr°'' 'on': ''ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗthi, ăriņi, ăriv, orthă''
+*''ăr°'' 'on': ''ărum, ărăd, eŗ, eŗhi, ăriņi, ăriv, orhă''
 ** emphatic 3ms form is ''ersăn''
 *''ăs'' 'out of' (corresponding to ''in'' 'in'): ''asum, asăd, as, ași, asiņi, asiv, asă''
 *''ru°'' 'before, in front of': ''ruam, ruad, rev, rempi, ruņi, ruv, rompă''
-*''ŗi(n)'' 'with': ''ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗethi, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗethă''
+*''ŗi(n)'' 'with': ''ŗum, ŗed, ŗeș, ŗehi, ŗiņi, ŗiv, ŗehă''
-*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lethi, liņi, liv, lethă''
+*''lă h-'' 'with, by, for': ''lum, led, leș, lehi, liņi, liv, lehă''
 ** some contamination from Semitic l- should happen
 *''țimpum'' 'around' suppletes: ''umum, umăd, em, empi, umiņi, umiv, umpă''
-*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, făy, fithi, fuņi, fuv, futhă''
+*''fă°'' 'under, among': ''fum, fud, făy, fihi, fuņi, fuv, fuhă''
-*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, iziŗthi, edriņi, edriv, izărthă''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărthă'' are literary.
+*In some dialects such as Ballmer Hasidic Ăn Yidiș, ''izăr'' 'between': ''edrum, edrăd, iziŗ, iziŗhi, edriņi, edriv, izărhă''. In the standard language, izăr is most often a pseudo-preposition (i.e. a preposition that can't take pronominal suffixes); the plural forms ''edriņi, edriv, izărhă'' are literary.
 ** the syntax for "between X and Y" in these dialects is often ''izăr X is izăr Y'' or ''izăr X lă Y'', influenced by Hebrew '' beyn X uveyn Y''/''beyn X lă Y''
 ====Combinations====
@@ Line 896: / Line 896: @@
 * izăr 'between' (+ disj.)
 * son 'for, for the sake of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')
-* ăr sgoth 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')
+* ăr sgoh 'because of' (+ form of ''tăģ'')
 * ătoŗ (+ disj.) (''flowery or dialectal'') 'towards' (< ag tóir 'pursuing')
-Some dialects such as the Nithish-influenced dialect do inflect pseudo-prepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''
+Some dialects such as the Baltic dialect do inflect pseudo-prepositions as if they were true prepositions: ''ătoŗm, ătoŗăd, ...''
 ===Adverbs===
@@ Line 908: / Line 908: @@
 = ''efăs'', ''ă h-efăs'' (number zero)
-counting numbers: ă h-eyn, ă du, ă tŗi, ă c&#x326;ethăr, ă cuģ, ă șie (some dialects ''ă șey'' or ''ă șeyș''), ă șefd, ă h-ăfd, ă năy, ă zeș
+counting numbers: ă h-eyn, ă du, ă tŗi, ă c&#x326;ehăr, ă cuģ, ă șie (some dialects ''ă șey'' or ''ă șeyș''), ă șefd, ă h-ăfd, ă năy, ă zeș
 , 12, ... = ă h-eyn zeg, ă du zeg, ă tŗi zeg...
@@ Line 945: / Line 945: @@
 ===Noun phrase===
 The demonstratives, when pronominal, are שאַ, שין, שוֹט ''șa, șin, șud'' corresponding to the Irish demonstratives ''seo, sin, siúd''. The adnominal demonstratives may use
-* the native Gaelic syntax: אן עיהא שאַ ''ăn eythă șa'' 'this night'
+* the native Gaelic syntax: אן עיהא שאַ ''ăn eyhă șa'' 'this night'
-* the Hebrew syntax: אן עיהא אן שאַ ''ăn eythă ăn șa''
+* the Hebrew syntax: אן עיהא אן שאַ ''ăn eyhă ăn șa''
-* the Arabic syntax (imported via Medieval Hebrew): שאַ אן עיהא ''șa ăn eythă''
+* the Arabic syntax (imported via Medieval Hebrew): שאַ אן עיהא ''șa ăn eyhă''
 ** This more commonly means 'this is the night'.
 The first two are roughly equally common and the last syntax is the rarest.
@@ Line 966: / Line 966: @@
 * ''tel lum'' 'I like'
 * ''fyor lum'' 'I prefer'
-* ''fuath/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger)
+* ''fuah/mies lum'' 'I hate' (''mies lum'' is stronger)
 * ''tosăch'' 'to begin'
 * ''zeřăch'' 'to finish'
@@ Line 1,004: / Line 1,004: @@
 *''-nă, -năn'' 'feminine suffix' (Hivantish ''-nir'' < -nih2)
 ** חברנא ''chovărnă'' 'girlfriend' from חבר ''chovăr'' '(boy)friend'
-*''-ăch'', ''-ith'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"
+*''-ăch'', ''-ih'': forms adjectives or "Gentilic nouns"
 *''-i'', ''-im'': agentives, adjectives
 *''-in'' (m): diminutive
@@ Line 1,037: / Line 1,037: @@
 ** ''Mil tudă'' = A thousand thanks
 ** ''Răvóvă tudă'' = (effusive) Ten thousand thanks
-*''Șe dă-bhethă/văr-bethă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')
+*''Șe dă-bhehă/văr-behă'' = No problem (reply to ''Byonăfd led/liv'')
 * ''Borich-hăbó'' (to sg) / ''Brüchim-hăbóim'' (to pl) = Welcome
 ** ''Brüchim-hănimțóim'' = reply to 'Welcome' (lit. blessed are those who are here)
@@ Line 1,051: / Line 1,051: @@
 *''Ga/Gav mă-leșģeł'' = Excuse me (''gav'' is the plural form)
 *''To m' ăg ieŗi canțin Yidiș, ăch chan efșăr lum.'' = I want to speak Ăn Yidiș, but I cannot.
-*''Blien mhath bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)
+*''Blien mhah bhyoniță'' /bliən vah vjonitsə/ = Happy new year (Rosh Hashanah greeting)
-*''[holiday] gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch gorzăch'' 'Happy Passover'
+*''[holiday] mah/gorzăch'' = 'Happy [holiday]' (used for most holidays, Jewish or secular): e.g. ''Pesăch mah'' 'Happy Passover'; ''Yundăv mah'' = Happy holidays
 * ''Bă thel lum...'' 'I would like'
 ** ''Ăm bă thel led/liv'' = 'Would you like...'
@@ Line 1,077: / Line 1,077: @@
 * ''To i șo'' = It's 1:00
 * ''To i XX minid ņey șo'' = It's 1:XX
-* ''... leth ņey șo'' = 1:30
+* ''... leh ņey șo'' = 1:30
 * ''... du șo'' = 2:00
 * ''șo zeag'' = 11:00
@@ Line 1,094: / Line 1,094: @@
 ** Poetic: בּיאָל&#1523;תּין&#1523;  Byołtiņ
 * יוֹן Yun
-** Poetic: מעהאב Methăv (re-archaized from meth)
+** Poetic: מעהאב Mehăv (re-archaized from meh)
 * יוֹל Yul
 * אָקוֹסט Ogúsd
@@ Line 1,162: / Line 1,162: @@
 : תּאָ נא ה-אילא חיות כּאב-איענאן, אך תּא כּיז נא חיות נאס-כּאב-איענאנא. (אס "אן תּוֹאה&#1468; תּאזש נא חיות")
-: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn Tuath tăģ nă Chayăs"'')
+: ''To nă h-ilă chayăs căv-íenăn, ăch to ciz nă chayăs năs-căv-íenănă.'' (''ăs "Ăn Tuah tăģ nă Chayăs"'')
 : All animals are equal, but some are more equal than others. (from ''Animal Farm'')
@@ Line 1,172: / Line 1,172: @@
 ! 1:1
 || {{rtl|{{Heb|נוֹאר&#1523; אָ זיע נ&#1523;עי תּאסאך א כ&#1471;רוֹהאך נא נ&#1523;עבֿא איס נא תּאַל׳וֹן —}}}}
-||''Nuaŗ o Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruthăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —''
+||''Nuaŗ o Zie ņey tăsăch ă chruhăch nă ņevă is nă tałun —''
 || [nuəʒ o tsiə nej ˈtʰəsəχ ˈkʰrʊhəχ nə nevə ɪs nə tʰa(w)un]
 ||''**Nuair a tha Dia an dèidh toiseach a' chruthachadh na nèimh agus na talmhainn —''
@@ Line 1,193: / Line 1,193: @@
 ! 1:4
 || {{rtl|{{Heb|תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי ףעצש אן סאָל׳אש, קוֹ בֿעל שע מאַהּ; איס תּאָ זיע נ&#1523;עי זעל׳אך איזארן סאָל׳אס איס אן טאכאטוּס.}}}}
-|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e math; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.''
+|| ''To Zie ņey fec̦ ăn sołăș, gu vel e mah; is to Zie ņey zełăch izărn sołăs is ăn dăchădis.''
 || [tʰo tsiə nej fetʃʰ ən ˈsowəs kʊ vel ʃe mah; ɪs tʰo tsiə nej ˈtsewəχ ˈɪdzərn ˈsowəs ɪs ən ˈtəχədys]
 || ''**Tha Dia an dèidh faic an tsolais, gu bheil e maith; agus tha Dia an dèidh dealachadh idir an tsolais agus an dorchadais.''