Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș ~~Consonants~~'''

|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș consonants'''

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!rowspan="2" | Labial

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| '''m''' {{IPA|m}}

| '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} ||

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| '''ņ''' {{IPA|ɲ}}

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*Consonants: b c ch c̦ d f g gh ģ h l ł m n p r ŗ s ș t th ț v y z ' /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z (?)/

Notes

**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.

* In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced.

** In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced.

* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'יִ ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'יִ ''c̦i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'.

** Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'יִ ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'יִ ''c̦i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'.

* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech.

** Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech.

* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.

** ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.

* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c̦] before /i/.

** /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c̦] before /i/.

*''ț z c̦ ģ l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. The Hebrew-script orthography points to the fact that /ʒ/ and /w/ were pronounced as Czech ř and dark l, respectively, when the IFDY spelling was first standardized.

* The glottal stop is used in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (where it repressnts syllable-initial aleph and ayin) by careful speakers.

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**ț /ts/ > țh /h/

**ģ /dʒ/ > ģh /j/

{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Standard Ăn Yidiș vowels

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 {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 |-
-|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș Consonants'''
+|+'''Standard Ăn Yidiș consonants'''
 !rowspan="2" colspan="2"|
 !rowspan="2" | Labial
@@ Line 137: / Line 137: @@
 | '''m''' {{IPA|m}}
 | '''n''' {{IPA|n̪}} ||
-|
+| '''ņ''' {{IPA|ɲ}}
 |
 |
@@ Line 189: / Line 189: @@
 |
 |}
-*Consonants: b c ch c&#x326; d f g gh ģ h l ł m n p r ŗ s ș t th ț v y z ' /b k χ tʃ d f g ɣ dʒ h l w m n p r ʒ s ʃ h ts~tɕ v j z (?)/
+Notes
-**Final ''h'' is silent unless before a vowel. ''th'' is pronounced even when final.
+* In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced.
-** In careful Ăn Căyzon, ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is a retroflex fricative [ʐ], devoiced after voiceless consonants: סקר'יב ''scŗiv'' [skʂiv] 'to write'. However, in most modern accents it's postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced.
+* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'יִ ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'יִ ''c&#x326;i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'.
-** Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר'עבאר ''dŗevăr'' 'sister' and ג'עבאר ''ģevăr'' 'winter'; תּר'יִ ''tŗi'' '3' and צ'יִ ''c&#x326;i'' 'her (possessive pronoun)'.
+* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech.
-** Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin. In Hebrew and Aramaic loans, this aspiration may be retained even after fricatives in careful speech.
+* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
-** ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
+* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/.
-** /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/.
 *''ț z c&#x326; ģ l ŗ'' arise from Old Irish slender t d c g l r. ''ł'' arises from Old Irish non-slender l. The Hebrew-script orthography points to the fact that /ʒ/ and /w/ were pronounced as Czech ř and dark l, respectively, when the IFDY spelling was first standardized.
 * The glottal stop is used in Hebrew and Aramaic loans (where it repressnts syllable-initial aleph and ayin) by careful speakers.
@@ Line 211: / Line 210: @@
 **ț /ts/ > țh /h/
 **ģ /dʒ/ > ģh /j/
 {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |+ Standard Ăn Yidiș vowels