Togarmite: Difference between revisions

The semantics of ''hu'', ''hi'' and ''že'' work like in West Country English.

|-

!|

===Demonstrative===

! || who? || what? || which? || where? || whither? || whence? || when? || how? || why? || how much?

|-

Example: ''ȝėlam'' 'world'

|+ ''ȝėlam'' 'world'

! || singular || plural  

|}

|+ ''lysėn'' 'language'

! || singular || plural  

These nouns come from CVCC nouns in Proto-Semitic and thus are related to segolates in Hebrew.

|+ ''xalb'' 'dog'

! || singular || plural  

An important declension class is comprised of nouns with the ''nisba'' suffix ''-i'':

|+''þėgami'' 'Togarmite'

! || singular || plural  

===Singulative-collective nouns===

These nouns have a marked singular in ''-t''.

|+''šeȝart'' '(strand of) hair'

! || singular || plural  

This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in ''-t'' or ''-þ'' and take a plural in ''-ėþ'':

|+''friþ'' 'fruit'

! || singular || plural  

|}

|+''galt'' 'door' (altered from *dalt)

! || singular || plural  

|}

|+''þyxþøbt'' 'document'

! || singular || plural  

===-a nouns===

These are mainly Greek words:

|+''apoloža'' 'excuse (pretext)'

! || singular || plural  

Greek ending in ''-ma'' can have a plural in ''-mata'':

|+''þėma'' 'topic'

! || singular || plural  

By analogy, even native words ending in ''-a'' are declined this way:

|+''heta'' 'sin'

! || singular || plural  

|}

=== Irregulars ===

|+''bennės'' 'human'

! || singular || plural  

====Binyan 1: ''fȝøl''====

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ''xþøb'' 'to write'), -e- (''sen'' 'to sleep') or -a- (''tȝam'' 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''xþøb'' 'write'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

|}

|+ Binyan 1 conjugation: ''num'' 'sleep'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

====Binyan 2: ''faȝel''====

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

|+ Binyan 2 conjugation: ''saxen'' 'inhabit'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.

|+ Binyan 3 conjugation: ''ažxer'' 'remind'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

*C1 = d t þ: ''þd þt þþ'' > ''d t þ''

|+ Binyan 4 conjugation: ''hyþlymed'' 'find one's way around'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew ''nitpa33el'', a variant of the ''hitpa33el'' binyan and the Arabic ''infa3ala'' binyan.

|+ Binyan 5 conjugation: ''eþygdel'' 'grow up'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

The resemblance of this binyan to the very common ''faȝel'' binyan has led to the ''þy-'' prefix becoming productive, with some semantic overlap with the prefix ''re-'' in English.

|+ Binyan 6 conjugation: ''þydares'' 'teach'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

====Binyan 7: ''styfȝel''====

This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan ''istaf3ala'' in Arabic and the very rare binyan ''hishtaf3el'' in Biblical Hebrew.  Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

|+ Binyan 7 conjugation: ''stytȝem'' 'try out'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

*mø- = active participle

*-ėþ = infinitive

|+ Weak verb conjugation: ''mydrasi'' 'to school'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

===''fe'' 'to be'===

The verb ''fe'' 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it displays suppletion and it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.

|+ ''fe'' 'to be'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

===''xėl'' 'can'===

|+ ''xėl'' 'can'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

===''høbė'' 'should; ought'===

|+ ''høba'' 'should; ought'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

===''ryšė'' 'to like'===

|+ ''ryšė'' 'to like'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense

===''sėr'' 'to want'===

|+ ''sėr'' 'to want'

! style="width: 75px; "| → Person<br/>↓ Tense