Niemish: Difference between revisions

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A sequence of a plain consonant followed by a front vowel is realised with a velar offglide inserted (or a labiovelar offglide after labial consonants):

*dächs /deːxs/ [dɰeːxs]

*kyna /ˈkɨːna/ [~~ˈkɰɨːna~~]

*kyna /ˈkɨːna/ [ˈkɰɨːnə]

*bärs /beɾs/ [bweɾs]

*ęfynund /ɪ̃ˈfwɨːnən/ [ɪ̃ˈfwɨːnən]

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''g'' devoiced to a velar fricative [x], transcribed here as ''χ''.

Between a nasal and a following liquid consonant, a voiced plosive was inserted:

*Got. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timrjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''timbrjan'' (note that ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timbrjan]]'' already existed as a variant in Gothic)

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunraz#Proto-Germanic|*þunraz]]'' → Got. ''*þundrs'' → Post-Got. ''þundars''

Prefixes such as ''in-'' and ''un-'' were unaffected however.

===Development of Niemish proper===

====Coronal palatalisation====

Post-Gothic ''tj, dj, sj, zj'' → Niemish /tːs, z, ʃ, ʒ/

This was a very early sound change, likely taking effect in late Post-Gothic itself. It is also thought that ''dj'' initially became */dz/ before /z/, and that all of these were originally geminated before the fricatives were degeminated, as shown by the fact that ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazund''; had /z/ arisen in the Post-Gothic period, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasund''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.

====First umlaut (umlaut pattern 1. or i-umlaut)====

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The second umlaut affected both long and short vowels.

The coronal palatalisation seems to have still been active when the second umlaut appeared, as:

====Development of nasal vowels====

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*Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''ąchor''

~~Nasals that formed~~ the ~~end~~ of ~~a root~~, ~~as in~~ ''[[wikt:~~𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃~~#Gothic|~~háims~~]]'' ~~and~~ ''[[wikt:~~𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽~~#Gothic|~~aljan~~]]'' ~~were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are~~ ''[[~~Contionary~~:~~ham~~|~~ham~~]]'' ~~and~~ ''[[~~Contionary~~:~~älin~~|~~älin~~]]''.

After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.

Subsequently, /n/ was lost with compensatory lengthening before liquid consonants /l, r/:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kuni]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunling'' → ''kųlling''

There was no compensatory lengthening when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, as with words prefixed with ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'':

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃#Gothic|unlustus]]'' → ''unlust'' → ''ųlust''

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/unrehtaz#Proto-Germanic|*unrehtaz]]'' → ''unriat'' → ''ųriat''

/m/ was not lost, but experienced stop insertion much as in Post-Gothic:

*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz#Proto-Germanic|*sumaraz]]'' → ''somar'' → ''sumbar''

Early medieval Niemish had forms such as ''somar'' and ''somor'', which developed into ''sǫwr'' in the Westlandic dialect. Presumably the /b/ was inserted into the definite form ''somran'', the /o/ lowered by the /mb/ to give ''sumbran'', and the /b/ later spread to all forms of the word by analogy. Likewise, the Westlandic form developed from ''somran'' → ''sǫwran'' in a sound change more akin to that described above for /n/ with similar analogical spreading.

Nasal vowels followed by a fricative in unstressed final syllables lost their nasalisation:

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃#Gothic|tug̃gōns]]'' → Post-Got. ''tug̃gūns'' → ''tungą̄s'' → ''tungas''

*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''į'' → ''i'' (although note ''in'' before words beginning with a vowel)

Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:älin|älin]]''.

====S-palatalisation====

@@ Line 136: / Line 136: @@
 A sequence of a plain consonant followed by a front vowel is realised with a velar offglide inserted (or a labiovelar offglide after labial consonants):
 *dächs /deːxs/ [dɰeːxs]
-*kyna /ˈkɨːna/ [ˈkɰɨːna]
+*kyna /ˈkɨːna/ [ˈkɰɨːnə]
 *bärs /beɾs/ [bweɾs]
 *ęfynund /ɪ̃ˈfwɨːnən/ [ɪ̃ˈfwɨːnən]
@@ Line 178: / Line 178: @@
 ''g'' devoiced to a velar fricative [x], transcribed here as ''χ''.
+Between a nasal and a following liquid consonant, a voiced plosive was inserted:
+*Got. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timrjan]]'' → Post-Got. ''timbrjan'' (note that ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/𐍄𐌹𐌼𐌱𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽|timbrjan]]'' already existed as a variant in Gothic)
+*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þunraz#Proto-Germanic|*þunraz]]'' → Got. ''*þundrs'' → Post-Got. ''þundars''
+Prefixes such as ''in-'' and ''un-'' were unaffected however.
 ===Development of Niemish proper===
+====Coronal palatalisation====
+Post-Gothic ''tj, dj, sj, zj'' → Niemish /tːs, z, ʃ, ʒ/
+This was a very early sound change, likely taking effect in late Post-Gothic itself. It is also thought that ''dj'' initially became */dz/ before /z/, and that all of these were originally geminated before the fricatives were degeminated, as shown by the fact that ''[[wikt:𐌳𐌰𐌳𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|daddjan]]'' became ''dazund''; had /z/ arisen in the Post-Gothic period, extended Thurneysen's law would have devoiced the consonant to give ''*dasund''. There are no examples of ''z'' arising from the coronal palatalisation being affected by extended Thurneysen's law.
 ====First umlaut (umlaut pattern 1. or i-umlaut)====
@@ Line 188: / Line 198: @@
 The second umlaut affected both long and short vowels.
+The coronal palatalisation seems to have still been active when the second umlaut appeared, as:
 ====Development of nasal vowels====
@@ Line 196: / Line 209: @@
 *Lat. ''[[wikt:amphora#Latin|amphora]]'' → Post-Got. ''amfaúra'' → ''ąfor'' → ''ąchor''
-Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:älin|älin]]''.
+After syncope, /ml, nl, mr, nr/ were reintroduced into the language outside of prefixes.
+Subsequently, /n/ was lost with compensatory lengthening before liquid consonants /l, r/:
+*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌺𐌿𐌽𐌹#Gothic|*kuni]][[wikt:-𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍃#Gothic|lig̃gs]]'' → ''kunling'' → ''kųlling''
+There was no compensatory lengthening when the syllable with the nasal coda was unstressed, as with words prefixed with ''an-'', ''in-'', ''un-'':
+*Got. ''[[wikt:𐌿𐌽𐌻𐌿𐍃𐍄𐌿𐍃#Gothic|unlustus]]'' → ''unlust'' → ''ųlust''
+*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/unrehtaz#Proto-Germanic|*unrehtaz]]'' → ''unriat'' → ''ųriat''
+/m/ was not lost, but experienced stop insertion much as in Post-Gothic:
+*P-Gmc. ''[[wikt:Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sumaraz#Proto-Germanic|*sumaraz]]'' → ''somar'' → ''sumbar''
+Early medieval Niemish had forms such as ''somar'' and ''somor'', which developed into ''sǫwr'' in the Westlandic dialect. Presumably the /b/ was inserted into the definite form ''somran'', the /o/ lowered by the /mb/ to give ''sumbran'', and the /b/ later spread to all forms of the word by analogy. Likewise, the Westlandic form developed from ''somran'' → ''sǫwran'' in a sound change more akin to that described above for /n/ with similar analogical spreading.
 Nasal vowels followed by a fricative in unstressed final syllables lost their nasalisation:
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉𐌽𐍃#Gothic|tug̃gōns]]'' → Post-Got. ''tug̃gūns'' → ''tungą̄s'' → ''tungas''
 *Got. ''[[wikt:𐌹𐌽#Gothic|in]]'' → ''į'' → ''i'' (although note ''in'' before words beginning with a vowel)
+Nasals that formed the end of a root, as in ''[[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌹𐌼𐍃#Gothic|háims]]'' and ''[[wikt:𐌰𐌻𐌾𐌰𐌽#Gothic|aljan]]'' were either not lost or more likely restored by analogy with forms with inflectional endings; the Niemish descendants of these words are ''[[Contionary:ham|ham]]'' and ''[[Contionary:älin|älin]]''.
 ====S-palatalisation====