Verse:Tdūrzů/Hebrew: Difference between revisions

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m Replaced content with "==A Corded Ware-influenced reading== varux atta aδonaj, əlohenu melex ha'olamə, 'əsjer vahar vanu mikkol ha'amimə, wənaþan lanu 'eþ toraþo. varux atta aδonaj, n..."
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{{Infobox language
==A Corded Ware-influenced reading==
|creator = [[User:IlL|IlL]]
|name = Modern Hebrew
|nativename = {{heb|עברית}}<br/>''ʼivríþ''
|pronunciation = [(ʔ)ɪvˈʁiθ]
|region = Levant
|states = Israel
|speakers = 7.4 million
|date = 2015
|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic
|fam1=[[w:Afro-Asiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]
|fam2=[[w:Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|fam3=[[w:Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]
|fam4=[[w:Hebrew language|Hebrew]]
|script=[[w:Hebrew script|Hebrew]]
}}


'''Modern Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית מאָדערנית}} ''ʼivríþ modérniþ'' [(ʔ)ɪvˈʁiθ mɜˈdɛʁnɪθ] or {{heb|עברית בת זמננו}} ''ʼivríþ baþ zmanếnu''), also known as '''Israeli Hebrew''' ({{heb|עברית ישראלית}} ''ʼivríþ yisreʼêlíþ''), was revived based on the [[w:Ashkenazi Hebrew|Ashkenazi pronunciation]] of the [[w:Tiberian Hebrew|Tiberian vocalization]]. The Ashkenazi pronunciation was chosen because it was familiar to Ashkenazi Jews and preserved more distinctions between Tiberian Hebrew vowels.
varux atta aδonaj, əlohenu melex ha'olamə, 'əsjer vahar vanu mikkol ha'amimə, wənaþan lanu 'eþ toraþo. varux atta aδonaj, noþen hattora.
 
==Phonology==
===Consonants===
The Hebrew word for consonants is ''ʼitzurím'' ({{heb|עיצורים}}). The following table lists the Hebrew consonants and their pronunciation in [[IPA]] transcription:
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+Consonants
|-
!
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br />alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
!colspan=2|[[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-align=center
![[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| {{IPA|m}}
| {{IPA|n}}
|
| [ɲ]
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
|{{IPA|p}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|b}}
|{{IPA|t}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA|k}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ɡ}}
| colspan=2|
| ({{IPA|ʔ}})
|-align=center
![[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
|
| {{IPA|ts}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;
| {{IPA|tʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|dʒ}}
|
|
|colspan=2|
|
|-align=center
![[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
| {{IPA|f}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|v}}
| {{IPA|s}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|z}}
| {{IPA|ʃ}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{IPA|ʒ}}
|
|
| {{IPA|χ}} || rowspan=2|{{IPA|ʁ}}
| ({{IPA|h}})
|-align=center
![[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA|l}}
|
|{{IPA|j}}
|{{IPA|w}}
|
|
|}
[ɲ] arises from sequences of nasal vowel + /j/: {{heb|עניין}} ''ʼįyǫ́'' [ɪ̃ˑɲɔ̃ˑ] 'matter, interest'.
 
[ʀ] is freely interchangeable with [ʁ].
 
/ʔ/ and /h/ are often reduced to vowel phonation distinctions (creakiness and breathiness respectively) or silenced altogether.
 
===Vowels===
L-Hebrew has 6 oral vowels and 5 nasal vowels, and is one of the few Semitic languages with nasal vowels. Nasal vowels arise from historical oral vowels before ayin. Vowels are also nasalized allophonically before nasal consonants.
 
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center"
![[Phoneme]]
! colspan=4|Example
|-
|{{IPA|/a/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/gɜˈdal/}}</span>
| ''godal''
| {{heb|גדל}}
|'he grew (intrans.)'
|-
|{{IPA|/ã/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʁã/}}</span>
| ''rã''
| {{heb|רע}}
|'bad'
|-
|{{IPA|/e/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ˈʔezɛʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼézer''
| {{heb|עזר}}
|'aid'
|-
|{{IPA|/i/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔiʃ/}}</span>
| ''ʼíš''
| {{heb|איש}}
|'man'
|-
|{{IPA|/o/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔov/}}</span>
| ''ʼóv''
| {{heb|אב}}
|'father'
|-
|{{IPA|/ø/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔøʁ/}}</span>
| ''ʼốr''
| {{heb|אור}}
|'light'
|-
|{{IPA|/u/}}
| <span style="font-size:120%">{{IPA|/ʔäduˈmo/}}</span>
| ''ʼadumó''
| {{heb|אדומה}}
|'red' (f. sg.)
|}
 
Vowels tend to reduce in unstressed syllables: /æ/ reduces to [ɐ], /ɛ/ to [ə], /ɒ/ to [ɜ], /ø/ to [ʏ], /u/ to [ʉ], and /i/ and final /e/ to [ɪ].
 
==Grammar==
The past 2fs ending -תְּ is pronounced ''-te'' /-tə/ (alternating with the lenited form -תְ ''-se'' /-sə/).
 
Modern Hebrew no longer observes the distinction between masculine plural and feminine plural pronouns or verbal affixes, phonetically or orthographically (an edge case remains in the numeral + pronoun complexes שנינו/שתינו ''šnếnu/štếnu'' 'we two (m/f)', שניכם/שתיכם ''šnếchem/štếchem'' 'you two (m/f)' and שניהם/שתיהם ''šnếhem/štếhem'' 'they two (m/f)'). Gender in plural remains almost exclusively in nouns, adjectives, and the (participial) present tense, and numerals. Hence הלכתם (''holáchtem'' 'y'all went'); אתם הולכים\הולכות (''atem hôlchím/hôlchốs'' 'y'all go' (mp/fp)).
 
==Deviation from "correct" speech. Or: Mutations mutandis==
Many normative phonetic alterations and grammar rules are not followed in spontaneous speech. To the errors normally committed by real-world Hebrew speakers add:
*The definite article is invariably [(h)ɐ], contra prescriptivist Hebrew where > /ho/ / _{ʔ, r} or _ʕV[+stress], and > /hɛ/ / _ʕV[-stress] or _{h, χ}o.
 
==Loanwords==
Loanwords are usually spelt as in Yiddish, and the feminine ending ''-a'' in international words becomes ''-e'', (spelled {{heb|-ע}}).
 
Nouns ending in /o/ are mapped directly to feminine nouns: טַאקָה, טַאקוֹת ''táko, tákôs'' 'taco, tacos'.
 
Final /-m/ or /-n/ in foreign loanwords are spelt with a non-final מ and נ : קילאגרם ''kilogram'' 'kilogram'.
 
Arabic loanwords are normatively spelled with a special transliteration of Arabic letters into corresponding Hebrew letters (but some hyper-Arabisms are added colloquially, such as ע replacing א.). The Arabic feminine ending is spelled with a final {{heb|ה}} pronounced ''-e''. Back-borrowings from Yiddish are spelled with an apostrophe before the final letter.
 
==Sample==
<p align=right><span dir="rtl">רוח הצפון והשמש נכנסו פעם לויכוח, מי מהם חזקה יותר - והנה בא לקראתם הולך רגל, עטוף במעיל חם. השתים השכימו, שזאת אשר תצליח ראשונה להפשיט את האיש ממעילו, תיחשב כחזקה יותר. אז נשבה הרוח חזק ככל שייך לה - אבל ככל שנשבה יותר, כן התעטף האיש במעילו ביתר שאת, ולבסוף ויתרה הרוח על כל ניסיון נוסף. אז התחילה השמש להפיץ את קרניה החמות, ומיד פשט הולך הרגל את מעילו. וכך נאצלה הרוח להודות, שהשמש הזקה ממנה.</span></p>
 
''Phonetic transcription of everyday speech:''
 
[ˌʁuɐχ ɐ t͡sɜˈfɔ̃ˑ vɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ nɪχnəˈsu ˌpɐ̃ːˑ lə vɪˈkuɐχ ˈmi mɛ̃ːˑ χɐzɜˈkɒ jʏˈseʁ | və ˈɪ̃nɪ ˈbɒ lɪkʁɐˌsɔ̃ˑ ʏˌleχ ˈʁɛgəl ɐˈtuf bə məˈil ˈχɐ̃ˑ | ɐ ʃˈtɐ̃ɪ̃ˑ ɪsˈkɪ̃mʉ ʃə ˈzøs ɐˌʃɛʁ tɐt͡sˈliɐχ ʁɪʃə̃ˈnɒ ləɐfˈʃit əs ɐ ˈiʃ mɪ məɪˈlø teχɐˈʃev kɐ χɐzɜˈkɒ jʏˈseʁ | ɜz nɜʃˈvɒ ɐ ˈʁuɐχ χɜˈzɒk kəˈχɒl ʃɐˈjɒχ lɜ | ɐˌvɒl kəˈχɒl ʃə nɜˈʃvɒ jʏˈseʁ ˈkɛ̃ isɐˈtef ɐ ˈiʃ bə məɪˈlø bəˈjɛsəʁ seːs | və ləvɐˈsøf vɪtˈrɒ ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ɐl ˈkɒl nɪsɜˈjø̃ˑ nʏˈsɒf | ɜz ɪsˈχilɜ ɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ ləɜˈfit͡s əs kɐʁˈneɜ ɐ χɐ̃ˈmøs | və mɪˈjɒd pɜˈʃæt ʏˌleχ ɐ ˈʁɛgəl əs məɪˈlø | və ˈkɒχ nɛːt͡sˈlɒ ɐ ˈʁuɐχ ləʏˈdøs ʃɐ ˈʃɛ̃məʃ χɐzɜˈkɒ mɪˈmɛ̃nɜ]
 
 
[[Category:Semitic languages]]

Revision as of 17:19, 7 August 2019

A Corded Ware-influenced reading

varux atta aδonaj, əlohenu melex ha'olamə, 'əsjer vahar vanu mikkol ha'amimə, wənaþan lanu 'eþ toraþo. varux atta aδonaj, noþen hattora.

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