Atlantic: Difference between revisions

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It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in the Unnamed Romlang. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders.

==Development==

===Vocalic changes===

The vocalic system of the Lingua Sine Nomine was formed through an evolution that, while with many common elements with other Romance languages, was unique in having kept long and short {{IPA|/a/}} distinct, the latter shifting to {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and later merging with surviving instances of {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. Otherwise, the development of vowels was much like Sicilian, as the table below hints:

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! Latin !! Early LSN !! Modern LSN

|-

! A, Ā

| *a, *ɑ || ''a'', ''o''

|-

! E, AE, OE

| *ɛ || ''e'' (atonic: ''i'')

|-

! Ē, Ī, I

| *i, *i, *ɪ || ''i''

|-

! O

| *ɔ || ''o''

|-

! Ō, Ū, U

| *u, *u, *ʊ || ''u''

|-

! AU

| *ɑw~ɒj || ''oi'' ({{IPA|[ɔɪ̯]}} or {{IPA|[wa]}})

|}

Changes not mentioned in the above table are triggered by neighboring sounds, most particularly '''l''' and '''r''':

* As in many Gallo-Italic varieties, Latin short '''a''' was backed and rounded before a coda ''l'', see ALTUM → ''olt'' (cf. [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]] ''olt'', [[w:French language|French]] ''haut'', [[w:Italian language|Italian]] ''alto'').

* The same result happened for '''ul''' sequences, which were lowered, see FULMEN → ''folmin'' (cf. Lom. ''fulmen'', It. ''fulmine'').

* Breaking of Latin short '''e''' and '''o''' happened in a more limited way than in other Romance languages where it happened; in the standard dialect, it only occurred before original '''r'' and ''l'''; however, it happened indistinctly in open and closed syllables. In the standard, it also did not happen after velar consonants, though it did happen after ''h''; note that it happened after the palatalization of velars before front vowels, so that short ''e'' is broken almost without exceptions. In some dialects, those two vowels were also broken after ''n'' and/or after velars. The results are always ''ia'' (for broken ''e'') and ''ua'' (for broken ''o''), but the semivocalic ''i'' in the former merged with a preceding ''l'', ''n'', ''s'', or ''h'' to ''ly'', ''ny'', ''x'', and ''j'' respectively. See examples:

*: Lat. CAELUM, *morit → '''char, muaril''' (cf. Fr. ''ciel, meurt''; Lom. ''ciel, mœur''; It. ''cielo, muore''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] ''cielo, muere'', [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''céu, (morre)'')

*: Lat. TERRAM, PORTAM → '''tiara, puarta''' (cf. Fr. ''terre, porte''; Lom. ''terra, porta''; It. ''terra, porta''; Sp. ''tierra, puerta''; Pt. ''terra, porta'')

Dialectally, vowel breaking was more widespread. In the North, it remained productive late enough to affect original ''ul'' (see above), but not original ''al'' or even long ''a'' (which remained *ɑ(l)'' for longer) - as in ''fualmin'' for standard ''folmin''. This usage extended to later loanwords, as in ''arbialg'' "hotel" for standard ''arbelg'' (Medieval Latin HARIBERGUM), or in the given name doublet ''Albert'' and ''Albiart'' (← ALBERTUM). In the North and West, it affected vowels after velars too (see Western ''cuardi'', Northern ''cuari'' for Standard/Eastern ''cordi'' "heart", or both Northern and Western ''cuarnu'' for Std. ''cornu'' (← CORNŪ)) and also vowels before ''n'' as in ''buan'' for Std. ''bon'' "good" (← BONUM). The fact these dialects break vowels before ''n'', but still only when stressed, creates stem alternations in the conjugation of some verbs, such as ''spuandi, spondimu'' for Std. ''spondi, spondimu'' "I declare, we declare" (← SPONDEŌ, SPONDĒMUS).

Reborrowings or learned words, especially Biblical proper nouns, often created doublets, as in the given name "Peter" being usually ''Piatr'' {{IPA|[ˈpjatar]}}, but ''Petrus'' {{IPA|[ˈpɛtrus]}} when referring to Saint Peter<ref>See Matthew 16, 18: ''I eu dihu-t: Tu iaris Petrus, i surs lânc piarta eḍifihoṭur sun ma Ircexa.''</ref>.

==Phonology==

@@ Line 32: / Line 32: @@
 It aims to be an extremely conservative Romance language in its morphology, with many irregularities directly deriving from Latin, and with little analogical levelling; for example, the different ways to build the perfect are maintained almost without change for nearly every inherited verb except for those in the productive first conjugation. The development of the various synthetic tenses is however almost identical to that of Portuguese, except for the innovative future and conditional which are respectively different and non-existant in the Unnamed Romlang. It also maintains neuter nouns as distinct from the other two genders.
+==Development==
+===Vocalic changes===
+The vocalic system of the Lingua Sine Nomine was formed through an evolution that, while with many common elements with other Romance languages, was unique in having kept long and short {{IPA|/a/}} distinct, the latter shifting to {{IPA|/ɑ/}} and later merging with surviving instances of {{IPA|/ɔ/}}. Otherwise, the development of vowels was much like Sicilian, as the table below hints:
+{| class="wikitable"
+|-
+! Latin !! Early LSN !! Modern LSN
+|-
+! <small>A, Ā</small>
+| *a, *ɑ || ''a'', ''o''
+|-
+! <small>E, AE, OE</small>
+| *ɛ || ''e'' (atonic: ''i'')
+|-
+! <small>Ē, Ī, I</small>
+| *i, *i, *ɪ || ''i''
+|-
+! <small>O</small>
+| *ɔ || ''o''
+|-
+! <small>Ō, Ū, U</small>
+| *u, *u, *ʊ || ''u''
+|-
+! <small>AU</small>
+| *ɑw~ɒj || ''oi'' ({{IPA|[ɔɪ̯]}} or {{IPA|[wa]}})
+|}
+Changes not mentioned in the above table are triggered by neighboring sounds, most particularly '''l''' and '''r''':
+* As in many Gallo-Italic varieties, Latin short '''a''' was backed and rounded before a coda ''l'', see <small>ALTUM</small> → ''olt'' (cf. [[w:Lombard language|Lombard]] ''olt'', [[w:French language|French]] ''haut'', [[w:Italian language|Italian]] ''alto'').
+* The same result happened for '''ul''' sequences, which were lowered, see <small>FULMEN</small> → ''folmin'' (cf. Lom. ''fulmen'', It. ''fulmine'').
+* Breaking of Latin short '''e''' and '''o''' happened in a more limited way than in other Romance languages where it happened; in the standard dialect, it only occurred before original '''r'' and ''l'''; however, it happened indistinctly in open and closed syllables. In the standard, it also did not happen after velar consonants, though it did happen after ''h''; note that it happened after the palatalization of velars before front vowels, so that short ''e'' is broken almost without exceptions. In some dialects, those two vowels were also broken after ''n'' and/or after velars. The results are always ''ia'' (for broken ''e'') and ''ua'' (for broken ''o''), but the semivocalic ''i'' in the former merged with a preceding ''l'', ''n'', ''s'', or ''h'' to ''ly'', ''ny'', ''x'', and ''j'' respectively. See examples:
+*: Lat. <small>CAELUM, *morit</small> → '''char, muaril''' (cf. Fr. ''ciel, meurt''; Lom. ''ciel, mœur''; It. ''cielo, muore''; [[w:Spanish language|Spanish]] ''cielo, muere'', [[w:Portuguese language|Portuguese]] ''céu, (morre)'')
+*: Lat. <small>TERRAM, PORTAM</small> → '''tiara, puarta''' (cf. Fr. ''terre, porte''; Lom. ''terra, porta''; It. ''terra, porta''; Sp. ''tierra, puerta''; Pt. ''terra, porta'')
+Dialectally, vowel breaking was more widespread. In the North, it remained productive late enough to affect original ''ul'' (see above), but not original ''al'' or even long ''a'' (which remained *ɑ(l)'' for longer) - as in ''fualmin'' for standard ''folmin''. This usage extended to later loanwords, as in ''arbialg'' "hotel" for standard ''arbelg'' (Medieval Latin <small>HARIBERGUM</small>), or in the given name doublet ''Albert'' and ''Albiart'' (← <small>ALBERTUM</small>). In the North and West, it affected vowels after velars too (see Western ''cuardi'', Northern ''cuari'' for Standard/Eastern ''cordi'' "heart", or both Northern and Western ''cuarnu'' for Std. ''cornu'' (← <small>CORNŪ</small>)) and also vowels before ''n'' as in ''buan'' for Std. ''bon'' "good" (← <small>BONUM</small>). The fact these dialects break vowels before ''n'', but still only when stressed, creates stem alternations in the conjugation of some verbs, such as ''spuandi, spondimu'' for Std. ''spondi, spondimu'' "I declare, we declare" (← <small>SPONDEŌ, SPONDĒMUS</small>).<br/>
+Reborrowings or learned words, especially Biblical proper nouns, often created doublets, as in the given name "Peter" being usually ''Piatr'' {{IPA|[ˈpjatar]}}, but ''Petrus'' {{IPA|[ˈpɛtrus]}} when referring to Saint Peter<ref>See Matthew 16, 18: ''I eu dihu-t: Tu iaris Petrus, i surs lânc piarta eḍifihoṭur sun ma Ircexa.''</ref>.
 ==Phonology==