Naeng

This article describes Modern Windermere. See Windermere/Classical for Classical Windermere.

Naeng/Lexicon
Naeng/Swadesh list
218 sample sentences
Sketchbook
Naeng/Names
Naeng/Diachronics
Tbeach fi mi-brits Dămea
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Modern Windermere
fi brits Dămea
Created by	IlL, Praimhín
Setting	Verse:Tricin
Native speakers	270 million (13b0dd)
Language family	Lakovic Ashanic Windermere Modern Windermere

Modern Windermere (fi brits Dămea) arose from the vernacular of Imperial Windermere settlers in Mategia and Bjeheond. Today Windermere is widespread in Bjeheond and Talma, being spoken in the USB, Tumhan, Mategia, Wen Dămea, and in former Windermere colonies in Txapoalli; with 270 million native speakers, it is the fifth most widely spoken native language and the most widely spoken Lakovic language. In Talma, Modern Windermere forms a dialect continuum with other descendants of Classical Windermere.

Todo

Accents in Windermere

• Fincreaș
• Rural Fincreaș
• Standard Mategian
• Standard Wen Dămea
• Other Wen Dămea accents
  • Sătmaș
  • Chăloa
  • Prucüew

Some accent should have th = Basque z, s = Basque s

Drel ya-rie srüe thăgem mărit e łen = Come with me if you want to live

Diachronics

Phonological history

• In Talman Windermere, ə > 0 after aspirated consonants and fricatives. This makes the voicing alternation in the Classical Wdm. spirants f and th phonemic.
• l > ʟ in the Wen Dămea dialect
• Classical Windermere *ts and *tł merged into "ts", while ł shifted to /ɬ/

Grammatical history

• Aspect largely becomes a derivational device, cf. the development of PIE aspects
• Tense particles, from Hlou influence

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/			ng /ŋ/
Plosive	voiced	b /b/	d /d/			g /g/
	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/			c /k/	' /ʔ/
Affricate			ts /ts/
Fricative	spirant	f /f~v/	th /θ~ð/			ch /x/
	nonspirant		s /s/	ł /ɬ/	ș /ʃ/		h /h/
Resonant		w /w/	r /r/	l /l~ʟ/	y /j/

Voiceless plosives are aspirated in all dialects unless word-final or following a fricative. However the aspiration tends to be weaker in preinitial syllables.

/ʔ/ and /h/ are often dropped in casual speech.

Vowels

In Talman Windermere:

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded
Close	i /i/	ü /y/	[ɨ]	u /u/
Near-close	ie /iə/	üe /yə/		ua /uə/
Close-mid	e /e/, ä /ɛ~e/		ă /ə/	o /o/
Open-mid	ea /ɛ~eə/			oa /ɔ~oə/
Open			a /ɐ/

Stress

Stress is almost always final, but can be non-final in function words.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas. /g h ʔ/ are prohibited in coda.

Allowed initial clusters in roots are the same as in Classical Windermere with the addition of pd, pg, tb, tg, cb, cd.

Accents

Main article: Windermere/Modern/Accents

Parts of speech

Nouns

There are two articles: the definite article fi and the specific article se. Prepositions:

șa- = lative

ay = vocative (archaic)

nie = like

Pronouns

Pronouns are similar to Classical Windermere, except:

• There are no accusative forms.
• The 2nd person pronoun pra (from Classical Wdm. păda 'sage; Master (a title)'), pl. impra, is used for strangers and in formal situations.
• Łănam (capitalized in the native script) is used as a very respectful 2nd person pronoun, restricted to addressing divine figures.

The Classical gendered demonstratives sen/ses and fin/fis have been lost.

Verbs

Verbs are not conjugated, but are used with tense particles.

Imperatives:

• Familiar: Tsrin! (Eat!)
• Polite sg: Tsrin e pra!
• Polite pl: Tsrin e impra!

Adjectives

Copulas are not used with adjectives. For example,

• 'The man is strong' = Fi noaf ngăwes. The sentence *Fi noaf mot ngăwes is ungrammatical.

The comparative is formed with rech + adjective and the superlative is formed with hă'et + adjective.

• to = good
• rech to = better
• hă'et to = best

There are no imperatives for adjectives; one uses ieng 'do', căfol 'become', or ămtus 'remain' with the adjective depending on the situation. For example, one would use ieng cdeal! (familiar) or ieng e pra cdeal! (polite) = Be bold! (lit. do boldly) to make a wish that the addressee should act boldly.

Pre-verbal particles

• chmi = progressive
• chea = past
• peng = future
• tso = past progressive
• fa = perfect
• chea fa = past perfect etc.
• thăgem = desiderative (want to)
• future progressive? analytic constructions for other aspects like inchoative/inceptive, frequentative, telic ...?
• Polite imperative

Other particles

• eth = it does, doesn't it?

Derivation

• TODO: another nominalizer?
• ‹i› = nominalizer for underived verbs
• bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
• hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
• sa- = nominalizer
• di- = negation
• ing- = verbalizer
• mo- (+ voicing of plosives) = adjectivizer
• lă = verbalizer (how productive?)
• yă- = adjectivizer
• nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Modern Windermere)
• pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
• ⟨năr⟩ = a result/state (which becomes another adjectivizer?)
• Că(syllable S) -> Că(S reduced)(S) = diminutive
  • yar = flower > yăryar 'little flower'

• Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
  • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. 'beauty of')
  • wang = 'matter, affairs'
  • ngoth = 'manner, way'
  • sces = 'style of, à la'
  • ăma = 'proto, ur-' (lit. 'mother of')

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes to derive verbs by Classical Windermere times.

• ‹ăn/ăng› = Applicative trigger
• ‹ith› = Locative trigger
• ‹ăw› = Instrumental trigger
• ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
  • răfongüe 'to endow' < rüe 'to give'
• ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
• ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
• ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
• ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Lexical aspect affixes

Classical Windermere aspects became derivational, analogous to how PIE aspects became lexical in daughter IE languages. This mirrors the development in other Talman Lakovic languages but Windermere has been the most heavily affected.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

• imperfective/stative = unmarked; marked with li- for others
• perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
• prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
• momentane = pla-
• progressive = ăL-
• gnomic = FăL-
• frequentative = eNFă-
• inchoative/inceptive = osăL-
• graduative = tăFa-

Syntax

SVO; VSO in subordinate clauses with the subject marked with e; but subordinate clauses are SVO when marked with the complementizer nga

Rie chmi brits cdes că'üs tes tsăctsoc.

1SG PROG speak about-SPEC love and-SPEC hate

I speak of love and hate.

Fi rüech chmi tsrin se troas.

DEF bird PROG eat SPEC seed

The bird is eating a seed.

Time clauses

• swe = "while" but it takes VSO: swe căwdul ef imfnüd
• for SVO use sweng: sweng fi imfnüd căwdul

Inversion

SVO clauses are inverted to VSO clauses after certain conjunctions. In a VSO clause the particle e must precede the subject.

Independent VSO clauses have hortative or optative meanings: for example, 'Let there be light!' would be translated as Ăthüe e chwep! (exist NOM light).

Vocabulary

Modern Windermere contains more Talmic and Hlou-Shum loanwords than Classical Windermere; even derivational affixes have been borrowed. In modern times, many Eevo loans are entering the language.

Sample texts

Uy mărit uy răchta, sed mot fi binbiets.

To be or not to be, that is the question.

UDHR

in Bjeheondian Windermere:

Tsor croth fa ășeal pluam te thür mis hăltlas tes imłin. Ănam hac răfongüe yas hălpăthin tes hălslith'a, te pdar thunoa e 'nam tănse fidoan măceaf nătha mis șăgor chasräf.

(Mategian) [ts̠or̥ kʰr̥oθ fä ʔɘˈʂeəl pʰluəm tʰe θyr mis̠ hlˈtʰläs̠ tʰes̠ ʔimˈɬin ‖ ʔɘnäm häk rɘvoˈŋyə jäs̠ hlpɘˈðin tʰes̠ hls̠liθˈʔa, tʰe pʰɘ̥d̥ar̥ θuˈnoə ʔe näm tʰns̠e fiˈd̥oən mɘˈkʰeəv nɘˈðä mis̠ ʂəˈɣor̥ xɘs̠ˈrɛf]

(Wen Dămea) [tso̞:r kʰr̥o̞:θ fä əˈʃeːɤˁ pʰχˁuəm tʰe̞ θy:r mis hɤˁˈtʰχˁɑs tʰe̞s imˈɬi:n ‖ ənä:m häk rəvo̞ˈŋyə jäs hɤˁpəˈðin tʰe̞s hɤˁsʁˁiθˈʔa, tʰe̞ pʰta:r θuˈnoə ʔe̞ nä:m tʰənse̞: fiˈdoən məˈkʰeəv nəˈðä: mis ʃko̞:r xəsˈre:v]

Imthumăytil

This passage is from the Imthumăytil Păchac, a retranslation of the Imthumăytil into Modern Windermere by Yăchef Clay.

Mi ngith doan tso dur e tach imchäth mis mogor litheath. Pda Brăwied chea biets: "Mea ra łănam dunse?"
Swe mot chmi nung ef imchäth nătha, doan chäth chea plawăsma: "Tathaf stiw! Ruay immognas tach dunse, te immălin thaf müets, te imchustiw răthaf..."
Łop Pda Brăwied chea biets: "Wăhang, mea ra chmi, srüe hădean e do croth hiboath?"
Ăfifay chea că'aw e fid: "Lea die placănărlu, Pda? Bang ruay tsor tăy'uag paleac, sach se făbeang imtăy'uag nătha yaf croth mălem!"

Once, six children were in a round table. Master Brăwied asked them: "How many of you are here?"
While the others were still counting, one child called out: "Sixty-three! 6 individuals, 15 teams of two, 20 teams of 3, ..."
Then Master Brăwied asked: "Well then, how many people will be there if another person enters?"
He nonchalantly responded: "Isn't it obvious, Master? Here we have all of the old teams, as well as another set of teams with the new person!"