Chlouvānem/Syntax: Difference between revisions

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Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjātia, most of Jolenītra, Daikatorāma, Vādhātorama, and Namapleta, and parts of Mūrajātana, Perelkaša, Ryogiñjātia and far northern Sendakārva) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).

==Comparative sentences==

As stated above in the section about the use of the ablative case, comparative sentences (''tadmiškiloe'', pl. ''tadmiškilenī'') in Chlouvānem are formed by using the adverbial particles '''nanū''' (more) or '''ovet''' in front of the object of comparison, and using the ablative case for the comparison class.

{{Gloss

| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu nanū mųrmire.

| gloss = this.SG.DIR. road.DIR.SG. that.DISTAL.DU-ABL. more. be_long.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = This road is longer than those two.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = lilyā kalineh ląu nanū lalla.

| gloss = 1SG.GEN-DIR. female's_younger_sister.DIR.SG. 1SG.ABL. more. tall.

| translation = My younger sister is taller than me.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = ūnikire mūtṛṣūs murkire nanąu nurmāyų ovet našajeldire.

| gloss = be_red.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON. liquid_soap.DIR.SG. be_black.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON. that.SG-ABL. soap-ABL.SG. less. be_effective.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = The red liquid soap is less effective than that black soap over there.

}}

"More" can sometimes be omitted, as its absence still implies that "more" is the intended meaning, due to "less" being mandatory instead. However, except for poetry, "more" is never omitted in writing and in formal speech; however, if a comparison class is absent, then "more" may not be omitted:

{{Gloss

| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu mųrmire.

| gloss = this.SG.DIR. road.DIR.SG. that.DISTAL.DU-ABL. be_long.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = This road is longer than those two.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = nanā nurmai nanū našajeldire.

| gloss = that.DISTAL.SG.DIR. soap.DIR.SG. more. be_effective.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = That soap is more effective.

}}

The structure used for superlatives is the same, but the comparison class (ablative case argument) is ''yaivų'' (than all). If there is a subset class (often as a marked topic), then ''yaivų'' is optional:

{{Gloss

| phrase = nunū pūnas yaivų nanū cami.

| gloss = that.MEDIAL.SG.DIR. work.DIR.SG. all-ABL. more. important.

| translation = That task [you have] is the most important.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = nanā nurmai yaivų nanū našajeldire.

| gloss = that.DISTAL.SG.DIR. soap.DIR.SG. all-ABL. more. be_effective.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = That soap is the most effective.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = bāgami saṃhārāk mæn khālbayān (yaivų) nanū mruṣṭhęe pūnē.

| gloss = class-GEN.SG. boy-DIR.PL. TOPIC. Khālbayān.DIR. (all-ABL.) more. be_careful-ADV. work.IND.PRES-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT.

| translation = Among the boys in the class, Khālbayān [is the one who] works the most carefully.

}}

For those verbs and adverbs which have irregular comparatives (see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Irregular_forms|Chlouvānem morphology § Comparatives and superlatives § Irregular forms]]), ''nanū'' and ''yaivų nanū'' are not used, but the syntax is the same:

{{Gloss

| phrase = nenē eṇāh nanąu svaprire.

| gloss = this.SG.DIR. table.DIR.SG. that.SG-ABL. be_larger.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = This table is larger than that one.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = dvārma mæn nenē eṇāh sprauṣire.

| gloss = room.DIR.SG TOPIC. this.SG.DIR. table.DIR.SG. be_the_largest.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = Among those in the room, this table is the largest one.

}}

===Attributive comparatives===

The syntax used is the same when the verbs are used attributively:

{{Gloss

| phrase = dirūn nali nanū gęṇṭire ṣryaḍhīnu rileimiṃte.

| gloss = role.DIR.SG. for. more. be_old.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON. actor-ACC.SG. need.IND.PRES-1P.EXTERIOR-AGENT.

| translation = For [that] role we need an older actor/actress.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = yaivų (nanū) našajeldire nurmai ulguta.

| gloss = all-ABL. more. be_effective.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON. soap.DIR.SG. buy.IND.PERF-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT.

| translation = The most effective soap has been bought.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = bāgami nanū dadṛnausirāhe tarlāmąlelyē chlærausirekkǣ.

| gloss = class-GEN.SG. more. be_skilled.IND.PRES-3P.INTERIOR.COMMON. student-DIR.PL. be_easy.IND.PAST-3S.EXTERIOR-BENEFACTIVE.

| translation = It was easy for the most skilled students in the class.

}}

===Equatives and other comparative forms===

Equatives are formed by using '''e''' (like), which requires the essive case; ''enūḍa'' (this much) may be optionally added. "not as ..." uses, instead of ''enūḍa'' and mandatorily, ''gu taili'' (not [as] much):

{{Gloss

| phrase = lilyā kalineh lįs e (enūḍa) lalla.

| gloss = 1SG.GEN-DIR. female's_younger_sister.DIR.SG. 1SG.ESS. like. (this_much.) tall.

| translation = My younger sister is (just) as tall as me.

}}

{{Gloss

| phrase = yāmurtān hamilǣṣṇa ga ñæltęs e gu taili dadṛnausire.

| gloss = Yāmurtān.DIR. Hamilǣṣṇa.DIR. ADP. sister-ESS.SG. like. not. much. be_skilled.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = Yāmurtān is not as skilled as his sister Hamilǣṣṇa.

}}

Continuous enhancement is made by deriving new verbs with the ''naš-'' prefix instead of using a comparative-like structure:

{{Gloss

| phrase = yaiva pārṇame našñæñuchlire.

| gloss = all.DIR day-LOC.SG. not. get_more_beautiful.IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON.

| translation = (S)he becomes more beautiful each day.

}}

Comparing sentences with two different verbs requires the structure [sentence 1] + ''nanąu'' (ablative of ''nanā'' "that", i.e. "than that") + optionally ''ni'' (but) + [sentence 2]:

{{Gloss

| phrase = yæyite nanąu ni nanū nūppęe dholtute.

| gloss = read.IND.PRES-2S.EXTERIOR-AGENT. that.DISTAL.SG-ABL. but. more. be_fast-ADV. write.IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT.

| translation = I write faster than you read.

}}

==Relative clauses==

Chlouvānem relative clauses are nonreduced and work exactly the same way as adjectival verbs do: both clauses are independent. Time, place, and similar things are expressed with a distal correlative (see the [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Correlatives|table of correlatives]]).

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{{Gloss

| phrase = nanā jāyim sę mešē lilyā buneya.

| gloss = that.DIR. girl.DIR.SG. 2S.ERG. see-IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT. 1S.GEN. older_sister.DIR.SG.

| gloss = that.SG.DIR. girl.DIR.SG. 2S.ERG. see-IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT. 1S.GEN. older_sister.DIR.SG.

| translation = That girl you see is my older sister.

}}

@@ Line 775: / Line 775: @@
 Chlouvānem as spoken in the area around the mid-course of the Nīmbaṇḍhāra river (the central Plain: roughly the whole of the diocese of Raharjātia, most of Jolenītra, Daikatorāma, Vādhātorama, and Namapleta, and parts of Mūrajātana, Perelkaša, Ryogiñjātia and far northern Sendakārva) does have a definite article used with non-topicalized arguments, which is actually the repurposed archaic demonstrative ''ami'' (still used as "this" in Archaic Chlouvānem). It declines for case, but not number, mostly following the pronoun declension (that is, exactly as ''tami'' without the initial ''t-'' except for the accusative (''amu'') and ergative (''amye'')).
+==Comparative sentences==
+As stated above in the section about the use of the ablative case, comparative sentences (''tadmiškiloe'', pl. ''tadmiškilenī'') in Chlouvānem are formed by using the adverbial particles '''nanū''' (more) or '''ovet''' in front of the object of comparison, and using the ablative case for the comparison class.
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu nanū mųrmire.
+| gloss = this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. road.<small>DIR.SG</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.DU-ABL</small>. more. be_long.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = This road is longer than those two.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = lilyā kalineh ląu nanū lalla.
+| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-DIR</small>. female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ABL</small>. more. tall.
+| translation = My younger sister is taller than me.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = ūnikire mūtṛṣūs murkire nanąu nurmāyų ovet našajeldire.
+| gloss = be_red.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. liquid_soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_black.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. that.<small>SG-ABL</small>. soap-<small>ABL.SG</small>. less. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = The red liquid soap is less effective than that black soap over there.
+}}
+"More" can sometimes be omitted, as its absence still implies that "more" is the intended meaning, due to "less" being mandatory instead. However, except for poetry, "more" is never omitted in writing and in formal speech; however, if a comparison class is absent, then "more" may not be omitted:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nenē ūnima eṣanūvu mųrmire.
+| gloss = this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. road.<small>DIR.SG</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.DU-ABL</small>. be_long.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = This road is longer than those two.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nanā nurmai nanū našajeldire.
+| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = That soap is more effective.
+}}
+The structure used for superlatives is the same, but the comparison class (ablative case argument) is ''yaivų'' (than all). If there is a subset class (often as a marked topic), then ''yaivų'' is optional:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nunū pūnas yaivų nanū cami.
+| gloss = that.<small>MEDIAL.SG.DIR</small>. work.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. important.
+| translation = That task [you have] is the most important.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nanā nurmai yaivų nanū našajeldire.
+| gloss = that.<small>DISTAL.SG.DIR</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = That soap is the most effective.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = bāgami saṃhārāk mæn khālbayān (yaivų) nanū mruṣṭhęe pūnē.
+| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. boy-<small>DIR.PL</small>. <small>TOPIC</small>.  Khālbayān.<small>DIR</small>. (all-<small>ABL</small>.) more. be_careful-<small>ADV</small>. work.<small>IND.PRES-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
+| translation = Among the boys in the class, Khālbayān [is the one who] works the most carefully.
+}}
+For those verbs and adverbs which have irregular comparatives (see [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Irregular_forms|Chlouvānem morphology § Comparatives and superlatives § Irregular forms]]), ''nanū'' and ''yaivų nanū'' are not used, but the syntax is the same:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = nenē eṇāh nanąu svaprire.
+| gloss = this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. table.<small>DIR.SG</small>. that.<small>SG-ABL</small>.  be_larger.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = This table is larger than that one.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = dvārma mæn nenē eṇāh sprauṣire.
+| gloss = room.<small>DIR.SG</small> <small>TOPIC</small>. this.<small>SG.DIR</small>. table.<small>DIR.SG</small>. be_the_largest.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = Among those in the room, this table is the largest one.
+}}
+===Attributive comparatives===
+The syntax used is the same when the verbs are used attributively:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = dirūn nali nanū gęṇṭire ṣryaḍhīnu rileimiṃte.
+| gloss = role.<small>DIR.SG</small>. for. more. be_old.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. actor-<small>ACC.SG</small>. need.<small>IND.PRES-1P.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
+| translation = For [that] role we need an older actor/actress.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = yaivų (nanū) našajeldire nurmai ulguta.
+| gloss = all-<small>ABL</small>. more. be_effective.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. soap.<small>DIR.SG</small>. buy.<small>IND.PERF-3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>.
+| translation = The most effective soap has been bought.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = bāgami nanū dadṛnausirāhe tarlāmąlelyē chlærausirekkǣ.
+| gloss = class-<small>GEN.SG</small>. more. be_skilled.<small>IND.PRES-3P.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>. student-<small>DIR.PL</small>. be_easy.<small>IND.PAST-3S.EXTERIOR-BENEFACTIVE</small>.
+| translation = It was easy for the most skilled students in the class.
+}}
+===Equatives and other comparative forms===
+Equatives are formed by using '''e''' (like), which requires the essive case; ''enūḍa'' (this much) may be optionally added. "not as ..." uses, instead of ''enūḍa'' and mandatorily, ''gu taili'' (not [as] much):
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = lilyā kalineh lįs e (enūḍa) lalla.
+| gloss = <small>1SG.GEN-DIR</small>. female's_younger_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>1SG.ESS</small>. like. (this_much.) tall.
+| translation = My younger sister is (just) as tall as me.
+}}
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = yāmurtān hamilǣṣṇa ga ñæltęs e gu taili dadṛnausire.
+| gloss = Yāmurtān.<small>DIR</small>. Hamilǣṣṇa.<small>DIR</small>. <small>ADP</small>. sister-<small>ESS.SG</small>. like. not. much. be_skilled.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = Yāmurtān is not as skilled as his sister Hamilǣṣṇa.
+}}
+Continuous enhancement is made by deriving new verbs with the ''naš-'' prefix instead of using a comparative-like structure:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = yaiva pārṇame našñæñuchlire.
+| gloss = all.<small>DIR</small> day-<small>LOC.SG</small>. not. get_more_beautiful.<small>IND.PRES-3S.INTERIOR.COMMON</small>.
+| translation = (S)he becomes more beautiful each day.
+}}
+Comparing sentences with two different verbs requires the structure [sentence 1] + ''nanąu'' (ablative of ''nanā'' "that", i.e. "than that") + optionally ''ni'' (but) + [sentence 2]:
+{{Gloss
+| phrase = yæyite nanąu ni nanū nūppęe dholtute.
+| gloss = read.<small>IND.PRES-2S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>. that.<small>DISTAL.SG-ABL</small>. but. more. be_fast-<small>ADV</small>. write.<small>IND.PRES-1S.EXTERIOR-AGENT</small>.
+| translation = I write faster than you read.
+}}
 ==Relative clauses==
 Chlouvānem relative clauses are nonreduced and work exactly the same way as adjectival verbs do: both clauses are independent. Time, place, and similar things are expressed with a distal correlative (see the [[Chlouvānem/Morphology#Correlatives|table of correlatives]]).<br/>
@@ Line 780: / Line 876: @@
 {{Gloss
 | phrase = nanā jāyim sę mešē lilyā buneya.
-| gloss = that.<small>DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>2S.ERG</small>. see-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1S.GEN.</small> older_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>.
+| gloss = that.<small>SG.DIR</small>. girl.<small>DIR.SG</small>. <small>2S.ERG</small>. see-<small>IND.PRES.3S.EXTERIOR.PATIENT</small>. <small>1S.GEN.</small> older_sister.<small>DIR.SG</small>.
 | translation = That girl you see is my older sister.
 }}