Lahob languages: Difference between revisions

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===Morphology===

====First declension====

First declension nouns are those also known as *-s nouns, and distinguished four types of stems: o-stems, u-stems, i-stems, and *n-stems (cf. Chlouvānem s-nouns in -as, -us, -is, -oe). Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem and ~~Woŋom~~, ~~for the~~ only ~~two branches that did not merge~~ this ~~class with another (there are no attested n~~-~~stems~~ in ~~Woŋom~~-~~Baan~~ languages anyway).

First declension nouns are those also known as *-s nouns, and distinguished four types of stems: o-stems, u-stems, i-stems, and *n-stems (cf. Chlouvānem s-nouns in -as, -us, -is, -oe). Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem and Yełeshian Lawo (a Nayzehenyn language), which only keeps this declension as a relic in a few nouns - not the root *frātos "wind" but, as in the table, *gistoros "young" (> Proto-Nayzehenyn *yestor > ''ehtu'', cf. Chl. ''giṣṭaras'').

Note that Yełeshian Lawo, and all Nayzehenyn languages anyway, keeps the original instrumental plural suffix as an adverb-forming suffix, e.g. ''ehtuwenik'' "in the way of a young person". This use of the instrumental plural is considered a Proto-Lahob feature, as it is still found in most other branches, and is also common in Archaic and Early Classical Chlouvānem texts.

{| class="wikitable"

|-

! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | ~~Woŋom~~

! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Yełeshian Lawo

|-

! colspan=9 | o-stems

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|-

! Direct<ref>Absolutive in Woŋom.</ref>

| *frāt-os || rowspan=2 | *frāt-ant || rowspan=2 | *frāt-aj || prātas || rowspan=2 | prātāt || rowspan=2 | prāte || ~~wot~~ || ~~woti~~

| *frāt-os || rowspan=2 | *frāt-ant || rowspan=2 | *frāt-aj || prātas || rowspan=2 | prātāt || rowspan=2 | prāte || ehtu || ehtuwe

|-

! Vocative

| *frāt-āw || prātau || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |

| *frāt-āw || prātau || rowspan=3 colspan=3 |

|-

! Accusative

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|-

! Ergative

| *frāt-ej || *frāt-ōjo || *frāt-ōn || prātei || prātāya || prātān ~~|| rowspan=2 | wosi || woto~~

| *frāt-ej || *frāt-ōjo || *frāt-ōn || prātei || prātāya || prātān

|-

! Genitive

| *frāt-i || *frāt-ajwo || *frāt-umi || prāti || prāteva || prātumi || ~~wotum~~

| *frāt-i || *frāt-ajwo || *frāt-umi || prāti || prāteva || prātumi || ehtuy || ehtum

|-

! Instrumental

| *frāt-op || rowspan=3 | *frāt-ōbʱan || *frāt-ajnīko || prātap || rowspan=3 | prātābhan || prātenīka || ~~rowspan=4 colspan=2~~ |

| *frāt-op || rowspan=3 | *frāt-ōbʱan || *frāt-ajnīko || prātap || rowspan=3 | prātābhan || prātenīka || || ehtuwenik

|-

! Exessive

| *frāt-ot || *frāt-ōmōn || prātat || prātāmān

| *frāt-ot || *frāt-ōmōn || prātat || prātāmān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |

|-

! Ablative

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|-

! Dative

| *frāt-awm || *frāt-osām || prātom || prātasām || ~~woto~~ || ~~wotso~~

| *frāt-awm || *frāt-osām || prātom || prātasām || ehtowe || ehtuswe

|-

! Essive

@@ Line 103: / Line 103: @@
 ===Morphology===
 ====First declension====
-First declension nouns are those also known as *-s nouns, and distinguished four types of stems: o-stems, u-stems, i-stems, and *n-stems (cf. Chlouvānem s-nouns in -as, -us, -is, -oe). Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem and Woŋom, for the only two branches that did not merge this class with another (there are no attested n-stems in Woŋom-Baan languages anyway).
+First declension nouns are those also known as *-s nouns, and distinguished four types of stems: o-stems, u-stems, i-stems, and *n-stems (cf. Chlouvānem s-nouns in -as, -us, -is, -oe). Here follows the declension of first declension nouns with a comparison in Chlouvānem and Yełeshian Lawo (a Nayzehenyn language), which only keeps this declension as a relic in a few nouns - not the root *frātos "wind" but, as in the table, *gistoros "young" (> Proto-Nayzehenyn *yestor > ''ehtu'', cf. Chl. ''giṣṭaras'').
+Note that Yełeshian Lawo, and all Nayzehenyn languages anyway, keeps the original instrumental plural suffix as an adverb-forming suffix, e.g. ''ehtuwenik'' "in the way of a young person". This use of the instrumental plural is considered a Proto-Lahob feature, as it is still found in most other branches, and is also common in Archaic and Early Classical Chlouvānem texts.
 {| class="wikitable"
 |-
-! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Woŋom
+! rowspan=3 | !! colspan=3 | Proto-Lahob !! colspan=3 | Chlouvānem !! colspan=2 | Yełeshian Lawo
 |-
 ! colspan=9 | o-stems
@@ Line 113: / Line 115: @@
 |-
 ! Direct<ref>Absolutive in Woŋom.</ref>
-| *frāt-os || rowspan=2 | *frāt-ant || rowspan=2 | *frāt-aj || prātas || rowspan=2 | prātāt || rowspan=2 | prāte || wot || woti
+| *frāt-os || rowspan=2 | *frāt-ant || rowspan=2 | *frāt-aj || prātas || rowspan=2 | prātāt || rowspan=2 | prāte || ehtu || ehtuwe
 |-
 ! Vocative
-| *frāt-āw || prātau || rowspan=2 colspan=2 |
+| *frāt-āw || prātau || rowspan=3 colspan=3 |
 |-
 ! Accusative
@@ Line 122: / Line 124: @@
 |-
 ! Ergative
-| *frāt-ej || *frāt-ōjo || *frāt-ōn || prātei || prātāya || prātān || rowspan=2 | wosi || woto
+| *frāt-ej || *frāt-ōjo || *frāt-ōn || prātei || prātāya || prātān
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| *frāt-i || *frāt-ajwo || *frāt-umi || prāti || prāteva || prātumi || wotum
+| *frāt-i || *frāt-ajwo || *frāt-umi || prāti || prāteva || prātumi || ehtuy || ehtum
 |-
 ! Instrumental
-| *frāt-op || rowspan=3 | *frāt-ōbʱan || *frāt-ajnīko || prātap || rowspan=3 | prātābhan || prātenīka || rowspan=4 colspan=2 |
+| *frāt-op || rowspan=3 | *frāt-ōbʱan || *frāt-ajnīko || prātap || rowspan=3 | prātābhan || prātenīka || || ehtuwenik
 |-
 ! Exessive
-| *frāt-ot || *frāt-ōmōn || prātat || prātāmān
+| *frāt-ot || *frāt-ōmōn || prātat || prātāmān || rowspan=3 colspan=2 |
 |-
 ! Ablative
@@ Line 140: / Line 142: @@
 |-
 ! Dative
-| *frāt-awm || *frāt-osām || prātom || prātasām || woto || wotso
+| *frāt-awm || *frāt-osām || prātom || prātasām || ehtowe || ehtuswe
 |-
 ! Essive