Kola: Difference between revisions

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===Verbs===

'''~~Note~~:''' Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in square brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.

Structure: Pre-SM + SM + NEG2 + TA + [OM + [[root + extension] + FV]] + Post-FV

*'''Pre-SM''' (pre-subject marker): includes relativizer ''a-'', focus markers, primary negation prefix ''kä-'', nominal prefixes (when multiple occur together, they occur in this order).

*'''SM''' (subject marker): subject concord prefixes - dropped in the imperative, obligatory otherwise.

*'''NEG2''' (secondary negation prefix): ''sï-'', used for infinitives and other derived nouns.

*'''TA''' (tense/aspect marker): see [[Kola#prefixes|prefixes]] below.

*'''OM''' (object marker): object concord prefixes.

*'''root''': basic verb stem.

*'''extension''': see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]] below.

*'''FV''' (final vowel): indicates tense/aspect and mood (see [[Kola#Suffixes|suffixes]]).

*'''Post-FV''' (post-final vowel): morphemes that come after the final vowel (TBD).

Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in square brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.

====Non-finite forms====

'''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''gwèddä'' "to walk" (stem: ''-èddä'').

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Special imperative forms only exist in the second person; other persons use the subjunctive. In the second person affirmative, the subjunctive can be used to make a command softer.

'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.

:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïlo'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïlu'' "to '''have been''' walked to".

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'''Habitual''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect.

:e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''regularly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to ''have'' walked ''regularly''".

-->

====Verb extensions====

~~'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.~~

~~:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïlo'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïlu'' "to '''have been''' walked to".~~

'''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.

:e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezzíshä'' "to '''cause to''' walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezzíshi'' "to '''have caused to''' walk".

@@ Line 920: / Line 920: @@
 ===Verbs===
-'''Note:''' Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in square brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.
+Structure: Pre-SM + SM + NEG<sub>2</sub> + TA + [OM + [<!---->[root + extension] + FV]] + <!--OM<sub>2</sub> + -->Post-FV
+*'''Pre-SM''' (pre-subject marker): includes relativizer ''a-'', focus markers, primary negation prefix ''kä-'', nominal prefixes (when multiple occur together, they occur in this order).
+*'''SM''' (subject marker): subject concord prefixes - dropped in the imperative, obligatory otherwise.
+*'''NEG<sub>2</sub>''' (secondary negation prefix): ''sï-'', used for infinitives and other derived nouns.
+*'''TA''' (tense/aspect marker): see [[Kola#prefixes|prefixes]] below.
+*'''OM''' (object marker): object concord prefixes.
+*'''root''':  basic verb stem.
+*'''extension''': see [[Kola#Verb_extensions|verb extensions]] below.
+*'''FV''' (final vowel): indicates tense/aspect and mood (see [[Kola#Suffixes|suffixes]]).
+*'''Post-FV''' (post-final vowel): morphemes that come after the final vowel (TBD).
+Native verbs normally end in unaccented ''-ä/a'', which is dropped upon the addition of suffixes. Suffixes ending in ''-ä'' similarly drop it when another suffix is added. Verbs ending in other vowels add suffixes after their final vowel. The suffixes used for irregular verbs are shown in square brackets where they differ from regular verbs. Accented suffixes override the verb's native accent.
 ====Non-finite forms====
 '''Infinitive''' is a class 15 noun. It is formed by adding the class 15 prefix to the verb stem - e.g. ጔደ ''<b>gw</b>èddä'' "to walk" (stem: ''-èddä'').
@@ Line 955: / Line 966: @@
 Special imperative forms only exist in the second person; other persons use the subjunctive. In the second person affirmative, the subjunctive can be used to make a command softer.
+'''Passive''' is formed with the ending ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.
+:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>o</b>'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïl<b>u</b>'' "to '''have been''' walked to".
+<!--
 '''Habitual''' is formed with the suffix ''-ängä'' [''-ngä''] in the present and ''-ängi'' [''-ngi''] in the perfect.
 :e.g. ጔደጘ ''gwèddängä'' "to walk '''regularly'''", ጔደጚ ''gwèddängi'' "to ''have'' walked ''regularly''".
+-->
 ====Verb extensions====
-'''Passive''' is formed with the suffix ''-o'' [''-wo''] in the present and ''-u'' [''-w''] in the perfect.
-:e.g. ጔድሎ ''gwèddïl<b>o</b>'' "to '''be''' walked to", ጔድሉ ''gwèddïl<b>u</b>'' "to '''have been''' walked to".
 '''Causative''' is formed with the suffix ''-íshä'' [''-́shä''] in the present and ''-íshi'' [''-́shi''] in the perfect. This suffix spirantizes and palatalizes preceding consonants wherever applicable; however, loanwords may not be affected.
 :e.g. ጔዚሸ ''gwezz<b>íshä</b>'' "to '''cause to''' walk", ጔዚሺ ''gwezz<b>íshi</b>'' "to '''have caused to''' walk".