Qino: Difference between revisions

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By default, primary accent falls on the last "long" syllable (i.e. syllable that is closed and/or contains a long vowel). If there are no long syllables, the initial syllable is accented. Words that do not conform to this rule are indicated in this article with an acute accent. Some exceptions are nouns that end in a consonant in the absolutive and words nominalized with ''-n'', which behave as if they ended in a vowel (e.g. ''Maxammad'' is pronounced ''Maxámmad'', not ''Maxammád''). A word may contain multiple accented syllables, in which case primary accent falls on the final accented syllable.

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Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable~~. For instance, many clitics and particles are unaccented~~.

Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable.

A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules ~~indicate the accented vowel~~ with an acute accent in the ~~Latin orthography~~. ~~~~

A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules can be indicated with an acute accent on the stressed vowel. In practice, accent is usually not indicated except word-finally in verbs, where it is represented by a final ''-h''.

In verbs, accent is fully determined by morphology. Nominals may have distinctive accent. ~~A final accented vowel can be pronounced aspirated in verbs (where it may be written with a final ''-h'')~~ and ~~glottalized in nominals (which~~ may be ~~indicated with an apostrophe)~~.

In verbs, accent is fully determined by morphology. Nominals may have distinctive accent, but this is neutralized in some cases. Clitics, particles, and articles may be unaccented.

When used in a sentence, some words that normally have accent may be unaccented (especially if unfocused~~), etc~~. In a nominal phrase, words after the first accented word have their accent weakened or dropped entirely (unless focused). ~~Words such as genitives, adjectives, verbs, and proximal/distal articles are accented.~~ In this article, syllables that would be marked with an acute accent in isolation but that are unaccented (or have weakened accent) due to focus/position are marked with a grave accent.

When used in a sentence, some words that normally have accent may be unaccented, especially if unfocused. In a nominal phrase, words after the first accented word have their accent weakened or dropped entirely (unless focused). In this article, syllables that would be marked with an acute accent in isolation but that are unaccented (or have weakened accent) due to focus/position are marked with a grave accent.

:e.g. ''náma'' "person"

::''ka náma'' "the person" (definite article is unaccented, so ''nama'' keeps its accent)

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 By default, primary accent falls on the last "long" syllable (i.e. syllable that is closed and/or contains a long vowel). If there are no long syllables, the initial syllable is accented. Words that do not conform to this rule are indicated in this article with an acute accent. Some exceptions are nouns that end in a consonant in the absolutive and words nominalized with ''-n'', which behave as if they ended in a vowel (e.g. ''Maxammad'' is pronounced ''Maxámmad'', not ''Maxammád''). A word may contain multiple accented syllables, in which case primary accent falls on the final accented syllable.
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-Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable. For instance, many clitics and particles are unaccented.
+Qino has a pitch accent system. A word normally has a single accented vowel, which is pronounced with a higher pitch. In contrast to other Cushitic languages, the accent-bearing unit is the vowel and not the mora. Not all words have an accented syllable.
-A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules indicate the accented vowel with an acute accent in the Latin orthography. <!--Secondary accent is usually not indicated, but it may be indicated with a grave accent (this article does so somewhat inconsistently). --><!--Exceptions include subordinating ''-n'' and enclitics such as ''-ne'' "and", which do not affect accent.-->
+A final long vowel is accented by default. If the word ends in a consonant or semi-vowel, the final vowel is accented. If the word ends in a vowel, the penultimate syllable is accented. Words that differ from these rules can be indicated with an acute accent on the stressed vowel. In practice, accent is usually not indicated except word-finally in verbs, where it is represented by a final ''-h''.
-In verbs, accent is fully determined by morphology. Nominals may have distinctive accent. A final accented vowel can be pronounced aspirated in verbs (where it may be written with a final ''-h'') and glottalized in nominals (which may be indicated with an apostrophe).
+In verbs, accent is fully determined by morphology. Nominals may have distinctive accent, but this is neutralized in some cases. Clitics, particles, and articles may be unaccented.
-When used in a sentence, some words that normally have accent may be unaccented (especially if unfocused), etc. In a nominal phrase, words after the first accented word have their accent weakened or dropped entirely (unless focused). Words such as genitives, adjectives, verbs, and proximal/distal articles are accented. In this article, syllables that would be marked with an acute accent in isolation but that are unaccented (or have weakened accent) due to focus/position are marked with a grave accent.
+When used in a sentence, some words that normally have accent may be unaccented, especially if unfocused. In a nominal phrase, words after the first accented word have their accent weakened or dropped entirely (unless focused).  In this article, syllables that would be marked with an acute accent in isolation but that are unaccented (or have weakened accent) due to focus/position are marked with a grave accent.
 :e.g. ''náma'' "person"
 ::''ka náma'' "the person" (definite article is unaccented, so ''nama'' keeps its accent)