Qino: Difference between revisions

Line 566:

=====Demonstratives=====

Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are ~~three~~ demonstratives: ~~the definite, proximate,~~ and distal ~~demonstratives~~. ~~The definite~~ article ~~is unaccented~~, ~~while~~ the ~~others are accented if they occur at~~ the ~~beginning of a nominal phrase.~~

Demonstratives are used to specify and point to something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are two demonstratives: proximal and distal. When used as an article, they take the same position as the definite article (see [[Qino#Definite_article|definite article]]) but, unlike the definite article, are accented.

~~The~~ definite ~~demonstrative is used to specify something and to indicate definiteness. It can be translated to "the" (as an~~ article~~) or "the one(s)" (as a pronoun). Its independent usage partially overlaps with nominalizing ''-m''~~ (see [[Qino#~~Nominalizers~~|~~nominalizers~~]]).

~~:e.g. ''ka nama'' "'''~~the~~''' person"; ''cascase ta'' "'''the''' red '''ones'''"~~.

The proximal demonstrative is used to refer to something that is near to the speaker. It can be translated to "this/these (one(s))".

:e.g. ''kana nama'' "'''this''' person"; ''cascase ~~tana~~'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".

:e.g. ''kana nama'' "'''this''' person"; ''cascase kaneeni'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".

The distal demonstrative is used to refer to something at a distance from the speaker. It can be translated to "that/those (one(s))".

:e.g. ''koona nama'' "'''that''' person"; ''cascase ~~toona~~'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".

:e.g. ''koona nama'' "'''that''' person"; ''cascase koonooni'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".

When used as an article, they directly precede the noun being modified. An exception is with numerals: the article precedes the numeral and agrees with it in gender - e.g. ''ta afar nama'' "the four people" (not *''afar ka nama''). Articles only decline in primary cases; other cases use the absolutive forms. When used as pronouns, demonstratives occur at the end of the nominal phrase and can take secondary case endings.

~~There are no dedicated plural forms. If plural must be specified, ''mara'' "ones" (with feminine articles) can be~~ used ~~- e.g. ''tana mara'' "these ones".~~

When used as an article, demonstratives always take singular forms. When used independently, however, dedicated plural forms exist.

~~<!--~~

~~The definite~~ article always ~~comes at the beginning of a nominal phrase and has two~~ forms~~: short and long~~. ~~The short forms are~~ used ~~when the article directly preceding the noun being modified. If there is separation~~, ~~the long forms can be used~~, ~~especially if the short~~ forms ~~may cause confusion.~~

~~:e.g~~. ~~''ka mana'' "the house"; ''ka weene mana'' / ''kana weene mana'' "the big house" (no confusion)~~

~~::''ka yarka nama'' / ''kana yarka nama'' "the person who sees" (but the former could also mean "(a) person who sees him")~~

The definite article is used less commonly than in English. It is used for something that is known by both the speaker and the listener. To prevent confusion with the English definite article, it is translated here as "that" (instead of "the").

~~-->~~

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Qino demonstratives

|-

! ~~rowspan=2" | !! colspan="2" | Definite~~ !! colspan = "2" | Proximal !! colspan="2" | Distal

! !! colspan = "3" | Proximal !! colspan="3" | Distal

|-

! Masculine !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Feminine !! ~~Masculine !! Feminine~~

! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural

|-

! Absolutive

| ka || ta || ~~kana~~ || ~~tana~~ || ~~koona~~ || ~~toona~~

| kana || tana || kaneeni || koona || toona || koonooni

|-

! Nominative

| ku || tu || ~~kuni~~ || ~~tuni~~ || ~~kooni~~ || ~~tooni~~

| kuni || tuni || kaneení || kooni || tooni || koonooní

|-

! Genitive

| ki || ti || ~~kini~~ || ~~tini~~ || ~~kooni~~ || ~~tooni~~

| kini || tini || kaneeni || kooni || tooni || koonooni

|-

|}

@@ Line 566: / Line 566: @@
 =====Demonstratives=====
-Demonstratives are used to specify something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are three demonstratives: the definite, proximate, and distal demonstratives. The definite article is unaccented, while the others are accented if they occur at the beginning of a nominal phrase.
+Demonstratives are used to specify and point to something. They can occur as an article before a noun or can be used independently. There are two demonstratives: proximal and distal. When used as an article, they take the same position as the definite article (see [[Qino#Definite_article|definite article]]) but, unlike the definite article, are accented.
-The definite demonstrative is used to specify something and to indicate definiteness. It can be translated to "the" (as an article) or "the one(s)" (as a pronoun). Its independent usage partially overlaps with nominalizing ''-m'' (see [[Qino#Nominalizers|nominalizers]]).
-:e.g. ''<b>ka</b> nama'' "'''the''' person"; ''cascase <b>ta</b>'' "'''the''' red '''ones'''".
 The proximal demonstrative is used to refer to something that is near to the speaker. It can be translated to "this/these (one(s))".
-:e.g. ''<b>kana</b> nama'' "'''this''' person"; ''cascase <b>tana</b>'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".
+:e.g. ''<b>kana</b> nama'' "'''this''' person"; ''cascase <b>kaneeni</b>'' "'''these''' red '''ones'''".
 The distal demonstrative is used to refer to something at a distance from the speaker. It can be translated to "that/those (one(s))".
-:e.g. ''<b>koona</b> nama'' "'''that''' person"; ''cascase <b>toona</b>'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".
+:e.g. ''<b>koona</b> nama'' "'''that''' person"; ''cascase <b>koonooni</b>'' "'''those''' red '''ones'''".
-When used as an article, they directly precede the noun being modified. An exception is with numerals: the article precedes the numeral and agrees with it in gender - e.g. ''ta afar nama'' "the four people" (not *''afar ka nama''). Articles only decline in primary cases; other cases use the absolutive forms. When used as pronouns, demonstratives occur at the end of the nominal phrase and can take secondary case endings.
-There are no dedicated plural forms. If plural must be specified, ''mara'' "ones" (with feminine articles) can be used - e.g. ''tana mara'' "these ones".
+When used as an article, demonstratives always take singular forms. When used independently, however, dedicated plural forms exist.
-<!--
-The definite article always comes at the beginning of a nominal phrase and has two forms: short and long. The short forms are used when the article directly preceding the noun being modified. If there is separation, the long forms can be used, especially if the short forms may cause confusion.
-:e.g. ''ka mana'' "the house"; ''ka weene mana'' / ''kana weene mana'' "the big house" (no confusion)
-::''ka yarka nama'' / ''kana yarka nama'' "the person who sees"  (but the former could also mean "(a) person who sees him")
-The definite article is used less commonly than in English. It is used for something that is known by both the speaker and the listener. To prevent confusion with the English definite article, it is translated here as "that" (instead of "the").
--->
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 |+ Qino demonstratives
 |-
-! rowspan=2" | !! colspan="2" | Definite !! colspan = "2" | Proximal !! colspan="2" | Distal
+! !! colspan = "3" | Proximal !! colspan="3" | Distal
 |-
-! Masculine !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Masculine !! Feminine
+! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural !! Masculine !! Feminine !! Plural
 |-
 ! Absolutive
-| ka || ta || kana || tana || koona || toona
+| kana || tana || kaneeni || koona || toona || koonooni
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| ku || tu || kuni || tuni || kooni || tooni
+| kuni || tuni || kaneení || kooni || tooni || koonooní
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| ki || ti || kini || tini || kooni || tooni
+| kini || tini || kaneeni || kooni || tooni || koonooni
 |-
 |}