Minhast: Difference between revisions

Line 2,275:

=== Other Particles ===

The particle ''damikman'' is often translated as "once upon a time", but its usage is not restricted to the past. It can refer to present or future time as well. Its purpose is to mark definite endpoints in relation to the speech event; for both present and future ~~time~~ it ~~can mean~~ "soon".

Minhast has several other particles which defy classifiction. Here are the most common ones:

* The particle ''sukkādi'' has often been classified as an interjection that conveys the speaker's determination to carry out an act, but is always accompanied by a verb marked with either the ''-kilwāš-'' or ''-rawāš-'' Mirative affixes. Since ''-rawāš-'' is itself a Mirative that indicates the speaker's determination, ''sukkādi'' would seem to be an intensifier. However, this interpretation is problematic as the Mirative affix is obligatory; the absence of the Mirative makes the statement ungrammatical. Native speakers who are fluent in foreign languages have difficulty explaining the meaning or role of the particle or come up with contradictory answers. It is interesting that the particle is observed among speakers of high status, so there appears to be a sociolinguistic factor involved in its usage, but the exact nature has yet to be determined.

''Sukkādi'' is a true adjunct: it does not require binding by the ''wa='' clitic, and can be inserted between any of the constituents of a clause. Its position in a clause appears to be totally independent of scopal considerations.

{{Gloss

|phrase = Uššutirennide sukkādi ittaħšeknesurawāš!

|IPA =

| morphemes = uššua-tirenn=de sukkādi ittaħš-ek-nes-u-rawāš

| gloss = head-3S.INAN+3MS=ERG verily take-1S.ERG-FUT-MIR

| translation = I swear, I will have his head!

}}

* The particle ''damikman'' is another enigmatic particle. In narratives it is often translated as "once upon a time", but its usage is not restricted to the past. It can refer to present or future time as well. Its purpose appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to the speech event that is recoverable by all speech participants. When used for both present and future tenses it sometimes be translated as "soon".

== Morphosyntax ==

@@ Line 2,275: / Line 2,275: @@
 === Other Particles ===
-The particle ''damikman'' is often translated as "once upon a time", but its usage is not restricted to the past.  It can refer to present or future time as well.  Its purpose is to mark definite endpoints in relation to the speech event; for both present and future time it can mean "soon".
+Minhast has several other particles which defy classifiction.  Here are the most common ones:
+* The particle ''sukkādi'' has often been classified as an interjection that conveys the speaker's determination to carry out an act, but is always accompanied by a verb marked with either the ''-kilwāš-'' or ''-rawāš-'' Mirative affixes.  Since ''-rawāš-'' is itself a Mirative that indicates the speaker's determination,  ''sukkādi'' would seem to be an intensifier.  However, this interpretation is problematic as the Mirative affix is obligatory; the absence of the Mirative makes the statement ungrammatical.  Native speakers who are fluent in foreign languages have difficulty explaining the meaning or role of the particle or come up with contradictory answers.  It is interesting that the particle is observed among speakers of high status, so there appears to be a sociolinguistic factor involved in its usage, but the exact nature has yet to be determined.
+''Sukkādi'' is a true adjunct: it does not require binding by the ''wa='' clitic, and can be inserted between any of the constituents of a clause.  Its position in a clause appears to be totally independent of scopal considerations.
+{{Gloss
+|phrase = Uššutirennide sukkādi ittaħšeknesurawāš!
+|IPA =
+| morphemes = uššua-tirenn=de sukkādi ittaħš-ek-nes-u-rawāš
+| gloss = head-3S.INAN+3MS=ERG verily take-1S.ERG-FUT-MIR
+| translation = I swear, I will have his head!
+}}
+* The particle ''damikman'' is another enigmatic particle.  In narratives it is often translated as "once upon a time", but its usage is not restricted to the past.  It can refer to present or future time as well.  Its purpose appears to mark definite endpoints in relation to the speech event that is recoverable by all speech participants.  When used for both present and future tenses it sometimes be translated as "soon".
 == Morphosyntax ==