Lahob languages: Difference between revisions
m →To be |
|||
| Line 305: | Line 305: | ||
=====To be===== | =====To be===== | ||
Lahob languages' verbs for "to be", which also act as copular verbs, come from up to five different Proto-Lahob stems and, in most Lahob languages, there is a single verb with suppletive forms. The stems used all had slightly different but overlapping meanings in Proto-Lahob (and copulas in the modern languages have almost all of these ones (except often "to become"): | Lahob languages' verbs for "to be", which also act as copular verbs, come from up to five different Proto-Lahob stems and, in most Lahob languages, there is a single verb with suppletive forms. The stems used all had slightly different but overlapping meanings in Proto-Lahob (and copulas in the modern languages have almost all of these ones (except often "to become"): | ||
* *wi(w) | * *wi(w)ʕ- "to be" (probably the original copula) | ||
* * | * *ɟaʕʕ- "to become" | ||
* *ri- "to be there" | * *ri- "to be there" | ||
* *yek- "to usually be" | * *yek- "to usually be" | ||
| Line 312: | Line 312: | ||
The uses of these stems usually vary between branches: | The uses of these stems usually vary between branches: | ||
* *wi(w) | * *wi(w)ʕ- is used in the Pwaɬasd-Ngos branch for all forms except the past; Lahobic languages and Šlokhowdeš only keep it in present 3SG (cf. Łaȟ. ''wak'', Yeł. Lawo ''weng'' "it is"), Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan uses it for the whole present, while Chlouvānem uses it for the present singular forms only. | ||
* * | * *jaʕʕ- is not used at all in the Pwaɬasd-Ngos, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages; Lahobic languages have it but as a different verb, while Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem have multiple forms of it, most notably its original perfect forms are used in the present (dual and plural in Chl., all but 3SG in Šl.), with a semantic shift from "to have become" to "to currently be". Chlouvānem also uses it as the infinitive (''jalle''), for the (most used) future, and most stems for other moods. | ||
* *ri- is used for the Pwaɬasd-Ngos past forms, the present (except 3SG) and the subjunctive mood in Lahobic languages, and the perfect in Chlouvānem (as well as Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo). | * *ri- is used for the Pwaɬasd-Ngos past forms, the present (except 3SG) and the subjunctive mood in Lahobic languages, and the perfect in Chlouvānem (as well as Yełeshian and Shershan Lawo). | ||
* *yek- forms the past in Lahobic, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages as well as Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem. Its original present inflections are used as a future paradigm in Chlouvānem, though less used than the (completely synonymous) one based on * | * *yek- forms the past in Lahobic, Tlengastic, and Woŋom-Baan languages as well as Šlokhowdeš and Chlouvānem. Its original present inflections are used as a future paradigm in Chlouvānem, though less used than the (completely synonymous) one based on *jaʕʕ-. | ||
* *gəna- is used for the subjunctive mood in Chlouvānem and the Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan languages. | * *gəna- is used for the subjunctive mood in Chlouvānem and the Tlengastic and Woŋom-Baan languages. | ||