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*Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"). | *Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken"). | ||
*Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect). | *Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect). | ||
*Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' ( | *Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix ''be-'' (applicative). | ||
*Binyan | *Binyan 10 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ''ħădhádhékh'' 'warm up, warm up to someone'. | ||
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Revision as of 02:51, 24 May 2017
Classical Netagin, also called Old Netagin, is a triconsonantal language descended from Ancient Netagin, inspired by Tiberian Hebrew. It was the language of the Netagin Republic in Ancient Talma and lent some loans to other Talman languages such as Tíogall and Bênôcian.
Todo
-ám- = augmentative
tu12á2e3 (tu12á1e2 for 1-2 and 1-2-1-2 roots and tu12á3e4 for 1-2-3-4 roots) = VN of the "gradual action" binyan
Numbers
ʕodh hez ṭuŋ miqâx pazzim ʔaŋbân qatzădh koħâs riffuy zâlukh
Phonology
Consonants
m n ŋ tʰ t kʰ k ʔ b d g f s ts ɬ tɬ ʃ ħ h z ʕ w ɾ~l j
⟨m n ŋ t ṭ k q ʔ b d g f s ts x tx š ħ h z ȝ v r y⟩
Begadkefat: /t k b d g/ > /θ x v ð ɣ/ after a V; transliterated th kh bh dh gh
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i /i(ː)/ | [ɨ] | u /u(ː)/ |
| Close-mid | e /e(ː)/ | o /o(ː)/ | |
| Open-mid | è /ɛ/ | ë /ə/ | ò /ɔ/ |
| Near-open | á /ɒ(ː)/ | ||
| Open | a /a/ |
Stress
In native words primary stress can only fall on the ultimate, or less commonly the penultimate syllable.
Morphology
Netagin uses a consonantal root system like the Semitic languages. Most roots have three consonants but some may have two or four, the latter mostly in reduplicated or onomatopoeic roots.
Nouns
Verbs
Classical Netagin has 15 verb binyanim.
Primary stems=
- Binyan 1 verbs are verbs denoting intransitive actions ("come"), as well as stative verbs ("be cold") and monotransitives. It is often considered the most basic form. The difference between adjectives and stative verbs is roughly equivalent to the ser-estar distinction.
- Binyan 2 contains many monotransitive verbs, ("eat") including causativizations of Binyan 1 verbs ("make happy").
- Binyan 3 consists of verbs denote reflexive/reciprocal action ("get dressed", "kiss each other"), or change of state ("thicken").
- Binyan 4 contains causatives of transitive verbs ("feed") (and of some Binyan 2 and Binyan 3 verbs). Causatives of statives in the imperfective aspect may denote active maintenance of a state (as opposed to changing a state in the perfective aspect).
- Binyan 5 is roughly equivalent to the German prefix be- (applicative).
- Binyan 10 verbs tend to express gradual processes. Ex. ħădhádhékh 'warm up, warm up to someone'.
| Binyan | Imperfective | Perfective | Participle | Action noun |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 1a2a3 | -i12a3 | 1ō2i3 | 1a2ī3i |
| 2 | 1u22u3 | -u1a22ō3 | mu1a22ī3 | 1a22ī3āʔ |
| 3 | ʔa12ī13 | -uni12i3 | mi1ːū2ā3 | ʔa12u3ti |
| 4 | ʔa12i3 | -i1ːi2u3 | ma12a3 | ʔa12a3āʔ |
| 5 | ta12u3 | -uta12i3 | muta12u3 | ta12ō3āʔ |
| 6 | ʔir1a2a3 | -ur1i2u3 | mur1i2u3 | ʔur1a2i3t |
| 7 | ʔirta1a2u3 | -urta1a2i3 | murta1a2u3 | turta1a2i3t |
| 10 | 1a2ā2i3 | -i12i2u3 | mu12ā2i3 | tu12ā2i3 |
1 Shortens to i when a suffix is added.