Chlouvānem/Morphology: Difference between revisions

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===Verb classes and infinitive===

Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are ~~five~~ main patterns:

Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are four main patterns:

* '''a-root''', or '''thematic''': the most basic and regular, formed by adding '''a''' to the root before non-vocalic endings.

* '''Athematic''': as above, without '''a'''; endings are added directly to the root.

* '''Ablauting root''': formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, plus '''a''' before non-vocalic endings.

** '''Athematic ablauting root''': a small subset conjugating as above, but without '''a'''.

* '''nā/nī verbs''': verbs which add '''nā''' ('''na''' in some forms) or '''nī''', or nothing, to the root depending on form.

* '''ah verbs''': verbs which add '''-ah''' (or its allomorphs '''-ar''', '''-aš''', '''-ą''') to the root.

A ~~sixth~~ commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jåliake'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujåliake'') (to study).

A fifth commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jåliake'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujåliake'') (to study).

Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.

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The '''infinitive''' or ''ke-form'' is a non-finite form used in certain construction (like with certain verbs (e.g. ''daudike'' (to want)) or particles). It is also the citation form, and it is simple to recognize and form:

* The infinitive is always based on the root, thus with either a basic-grade vowel for ablauting verbs or an unreduced sequence for inverse-ablauting ones.

* Verbs in the ''thematic'' or ''ablauting root'' classes add '''-ake~~'''; ''nā/nī verbs'' add '''-nāke~~''';

* Verbs in the ''thematic'' or ''ablauting root'' classes add '''-ake''';

* All other verbs just add '''-ke'''. There are a few cases where this is not always how it surfaces:

** verbs ending in a palatalized consonant have an epenthetic ''-i-'' (e.g. ''męlь-ke'' → ''męlike'' (to give));

@@ Line 410: / Line 410: @@
 ===Verb classes and infinitive===
-Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are five main patterns:
+Verbs, in Chlouvānem, are conjugated depending on ''verb classes'' or ''conjugations''. There are four main patterns:
 * '''a-root''', or '''thematic''': the most basic and regular, formed by adding '''a''' to the root before non-vocalic endings.
 * '''Athematic''': as above, without '''a'''; endings are added directly to the root.
 * '''Ablauting root''': formed by the root with ablaut changes in its main vowel, plus '''a''' before non-vocalic endings.
 ** '''Athematic ablauting root''': a small subset conjugating as above, but without '''a'''.
-* '''nā/nī verbs''': verbs which add '''nā''' ('''na''' in some forms) or '''nī''', or nothing, to the root depending on form.
 * '''ah verbs''': verbs which add '''-ah''' (or its allomorphs '''-ar''', '''-aš''', '''-ą''') to the root.
-A sixth commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jåliake'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujåliake'') (to study).
+A fifth commonly recognized pattern is '''ru verbs'''. These are verbs formed by borrowed verb roots from Ancient Kūṣṛmāthi (where verbal nouns end in ''-ru'') and in the present and past undergo stem modifications like in that language. There are few common -ru verbs, and in usual speech they are often substituted by compounds with their root and either ''dṛke'' (to do, make) or ''jānake'' (to feel (physical)), or ''gyake'' (to be), and more rarely ''jåliake'' (to do, carry out an action), as in ''pāṭṭaruke'' vs. ''pāṭṭarudṛke'' (and also vs. the rarer ''pāṭṭarujåliake'') (to study).
 Moods apart from the indicative mainly just follow root structure, with different allomorphs depending on whether the root ends in a consonant or in a vowel.
@@ Line 426: / Line 425: @@
 The '''infinitive''' or ''ke-form'' is a non-finite form used in certain construction (like with certain verbs (e.g. ''daudike'' (to want)) or particles). It is also the citation form, and it is simple to recognize and form:
 * The infinitive is always based on the root, thus with either a basic-grade vowel for ablauting verbs or an unreduced sequence for inverse-ablauting ones.
-* Verbs in the ''thematic'' or ''ablauting root'' classes add '''-ake'''; ''nā/nī verbs'' add '''-nāke''';
+* Verbs in the ''thematic'' or ''ablauting root'' classes add '''-ake''';
 * All other verbs just add '''-ke'''. There are a few cases where this is not always how it surfaces:
 ** verbs ending in a palatalized consonant have an epenthetic ''-i-'' (e.g. ''męlь-ke'' → ''męlike'' (to give));