Hadda: Difference between revisions
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==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
Orthography (under construction) | Orthography (under construction; [ ] = to be replaced with a picture) | ||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" | ||
|- | |- | ||
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!IPA !!Latin !! Simplified Latin !!Marasa !!Arabic !!Ge'ez !!Hebrew !!Notes | !IPA !!Latin !! Simplified Latin !!Marasa !!Arabic !!Ge'ez !!Hebrew !!Notes | ||
|- | |- | ||
|a || rowspan="2" | A a || rowspan="2" | A a || || ـَ || አ || | |a || rowspan="2" | A a || rowspan="2" | A a || || ـَ || አ || סַ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|aː || || ـَا || ኣ || allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables | |aː || || ـَا || ኣ || סַא || allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables | ||
|- | |- | ||
|b || B b || B b || || ب || በ || ּב || | |b || B b || B b || || ب || በ || ּב || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɓ || Ɓ ɓ || B' b' || || ڀ || ጰ || | |ɓ || Ɓ ɓ || B' b' || || ڀ || ጰ || קּו || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|c || C c || Ch ch || || چ || ቸ || כ׳ || | |c || C c || Ch ch || || چ || ቸ || כ׳ || | ||
| Line 48: | Line 48: | ||
|ð || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords | |ð || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɛ || rowspan="2" | E e || rowspan="2" | E e || || ـٖ || rowspan="2" | ኤ || | |ɛ || rowspan="2" | E e || rowspan="2" | E e || || ـٖ || rowspan="2" | ኤ || סֵ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɛː || || ـٖي || allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables | |ɛː || || ـٖي || סֵי || allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables | ||
|- | |- | ||
|f || F f || F f || || ف || ፈ || פ || | |f || F f || F f || || ف || ፈ || פ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|g || G g || G g || || | |g || G g || G g || || ݣ || ገ || גּ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || | |ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || کٴ || ቀ || קּ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɣ̞ || rowspan="2" | Ɣ ɣ || rowspan="2" | Gh gh || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels | |ɣ̞ || rowspan="2" | Ɣ ɣ || rowspan="2" | Gh gh || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels | ||
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|ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח || | |ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|i || rowspan="2" |I i || rowspan="2" | I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || | |i || rowspan="2" |I i || rowspan="2" | I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || סִ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|iː || || ـِي || allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables | |iː || || ـِي || סִי || allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ || | |ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ || | ||
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|ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ڇ || ጨ || קּ׳ || | |ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ڇ || ጨ || קּ׳ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|k || K k || K k || || | |k || K k || K k || || ک || ከ || כ || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|l || L l || L l || || ل || ለ || ל || | |l || L l || L l || || ل || ለ || ל || | ||
|- | |- | ||
|m || M m || M m || || م || መ || מ || | |m || M m || M m || || م || መ || מ || | ||
|- | |||
|n || N n || N n || || ن || ነ || נ || ֹ | |||
|- | |||
|ɲ || Ɲ ɲ || Ny ny || || ݧ || ኘ || נ׳ || | |||
|- | |||
|ŋ || Ŋ ŋ || Ng ng || || ݢ || ጘ || נ״ || | |||
|- | |||
|ŋʷ || Ŋw ŋw || Ngw ngw || || ڬو || ⶓ || נ״ו || | |||
|- | |||
|ɔ || rowspan="2" | O o || rowspan="2" | O o || || ـٗ || rowspan="2" | ኦ || סֹ || | |||
|- | |||
|ɔː || || ـٗو || סוֹ || allophone of /ɔ/ in stressed, open syllables | |||
|- | |||
|p || P p || P p || || پ || ፐ || פּ || occurs in loanwords | |||
|- | |||
|q || Q q || Q q || || ق || ቀ || קּ || occurs in loanwords | |||
|- | |||
|ʔ || Ɂ ɂ || ' || || ٯٔ ، ء || ቐ || ק || allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels | |||
|- | |||
|ʕ || Ҁ ҁ || C c || || ع || ዐ || ע || | |||
|- | |||
|ɾ || R r || R r || || ر || ረ || ר || allophone of /l/ between vowels | |||
|- | |||
|ʔ͡r || [Ɽ] ɽ || R' r' || || ݬ || [ረ] || ט || allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels | |||
|- | |||
|s || S s || S s || || س || ሰ || ס || | |||
|- | |||
|t || T t || T t || || ت || ተ || ת || | |||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
Revision as of 03:46, 6 March 2017
Hadda (Native: ħaɗɗa) is an a priori language inspired by various African languages.
Introduction
Phonology
Orthography
Orthography (under construction; [ ] = to be replaced with a picture)
| IPA | Latin | Simplified Latin | Marasa | Arabic | Ge'ez | Hebrew | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | A a | A a | ـَ | አ | סַ | ||
| aː | ـَا | ኣ | סַא | allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables | |||
| b | B b | B b | ب | በ | ּב | ||
| ɓ | Ɓ ɓ | B' b' | ڀ | ጰ | קּו | ||
| c | C c | Ch ch | چ | ቸ | כ׳ | ||
| d | D d | D d | د | ደ | ּד | ||
| ɗ | Ɗ ɗ | D' d' | ڟ | ጠ | טּ | ||
| ð̞ | Đ đ | Dh dh | ذ | ደ | ך | allophone of /d/ between vowels | |
| ð | ዘ | ךֿ | occurs in loanwords | ||||
| ɛ | E e | E e | ـٖ | ኤ | סֵ | ||
| ɛː | ـٖي | סֵי | allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables | ||||
| f | F f | F f | ف | ፈ | פ | ||
| g | G g | G g | ݣ | ገ | גּ | ||
| ɠ | Ɠ ɠ | G' g' | کٴ | ቀ | קּ | ||
| ɣ̞ | Ɣ ɣ | Gh gh | ڠ | ገ | ג | allophone of /g/ between vowels | |
| ɣ | غ | ኀ | גֿ | occurs in loanwords | |||
| gʷ | Gw gw | Gw gw | ڭو | ጐ | גּו | ||
| h | H h | H h | ھ | ኸ, ሀ | ה | allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment; occurs in loanwords | |
| ħ | Ħ ħ | X x | ح | ሐ | ח | ||
| i | I i | I i | ـِ | ኢ | סִ | ||
| iː | ـِي | סִי | allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables | ||||
| ɟ | J j | J j | ج | ጀ | גּ׳ | ||
| ʄ | Ɉ ɉ | J' j' | ڇ | ጨ | קּ׳ | ||
| k | K k | K k | ک | ከ | כ | ||
| l | L l | L l | ل | ለ | ל | ||
| m | M m | M m | م | መ | מ | ||
| n | N n | N n | ن | ነ | נ | ֹ | |
| ɲ | Ɲ ɲ | Ny ny | ݧ | ኘ | נ׳ | ||
| ŋ | Ŋ ŋ | Ng ng | ݢ | ጘ | נ״ | ||
| ŋʷ | Ŋw ŋw | Ngw ngw | ڬو | ⶓ | נ״ו | ||
| ɔ | O o | O o | ـٗ | ኦ | סֹ | ||
| ɔː | ـٗو | סוֹ | allophone of /ɔ/ in stressed, open syllables | ||||
| p | P p | P p | پ | ፐ | פּ | occurs in loanwords | |
| q | Q q | Q q | ق | ቀ | קּ | occurs in loanwords | |
| ʔ | Ɂ ɂ | ' | ٯٔ ، ء | ቐ | ק | allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels | |
| ʕ | Ҁ ҁ | C c | ع | ዐ | ע | ||
| ɾ | R r | R r | ر | ረ | ר | allophone of /l/ between vowels | |
| ʔ͡r | [Ɽ] ɽ | R' r' | ݬ | [ረ] | ט | allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels | |
| s | S s | S s | س | ሰ | ס | ||
| t | T t | T t | ت | ተ | ת |
Consonants
Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets.
| Labial | Dental/Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labiovelar | Pharyngeal/Uvular | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋw /ŋʷ/ | |||
| Plosive | voiceless | (p) | t | c | k | kw /kʷ/ | (q) | (ʔ) |
| voiced | b | d | j /ɟ/ | g | gw /gʷ/ | |||
| glottalized | ɓ | ɗ | ɉ /ʄ/ | ɠ | ||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s, (ŧ /θ/) | (ʃ) | (x) | (hw /hʷ/) | ħ | (h) |
| voiced | (v) | (z), (đ /ð/) | (ɣ) | |||||
| Approximant | voiced | (v /β̞/) | (đ /ð̝/) | y /j/ | (ɣ /ɣ̞/) | w | ʕ | |
| glottalized | (ɽ /ʔ͡r/) | (ƴ /ʔʲ/) | (ⱳ /ʔʷ/) | |||||
| lateral | l | |||||||
| Flap | (r /ɾ/) | |||||||