Hadda: Difference between revisions

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==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Orthography===
===Orthography===
Orthography (under construction)
Orthography (under construction; [ ] = to be replaced with a picture)
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
|-
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!IPA !!Latin !! Simplified Latin !!Marasa !!Arabic !!Ge'ez !!Hebrew !!Notes
!IPA !!Latin !! Simplified Latin !!Marasa !!Arabic !!Ge'ez !!Hebrew !!Notes
|-
|-
|a || rowspan="2" | A a || rowspan="2" | A a || || ـَ || አ ||rowspan="2" | אַ ||
|a || rowspan="2" | A a || rowspan="2" | A a || || ـَ || አ || סַ ||
|-
|-
|aː || || ـَا || ኣ || allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables
|aː || || ـَا || ኣ || סַא || allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables
|-
|-
|b || B b || B b || || ب || በ || ּב ||
|b || B b || B b || || ب || በ || ּב ||
|-
|-
|ɓ || Ɓ ɓ || B' b' || || ڀ || ጰ || ב ||
|ɓ || Ɓ ɓ || B' b' || || ڀ || ጰ || קּו ||
|-
|-
|c || C c || Ch ch || || چ || ቸ || כ׳ ||
|c || C c || Ch ch || || چ || ቸ || כ׳ ||
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|ð || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords
|ð || || ዘ || ךֿ || occurs in loanwords
|-
|-
|ɛ || rowspan="2" | E e || rowspan="2" | E e || || ـٖ || rowspan="2" | ኤ || rowspan="2" |  אֵ ||
|ɛ || rowspan="2" | E e || rowspan="2" | E e || || ـٖ || rowspan="2" | ኤ || סֵ ||
|-
|-
|ɛː || || ـٖي || allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables
|ɛː || || ـٖي || סֵי || allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables
|-
|-
|f || F f || F f || || ف || ፈ || פ ||
|f || F f || F f || || ف || ፈ || פ ||
|-
|-
|g || G g || G g || || ڭ || ገ || גּ ||
|g || G g || G g || || ݣ || ገ || גּ ||
|-
|-
|ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || ڮ || ቀ || קּ ||
|ɠ || Ɠ ɠ || G' g' || || کٴ || ቀ || קּ ||
|-
|-
|ɣ̞ || rowspan="2" | Ɣ ɣ || rowspan="2" | Gh gh || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels
|ɣ̞ || rowspan="2" | Ɣ ɣ || rowspan="2" | Gh gh || || ڠ || ገ || ג || allophone of /g/ between vowels
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|ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח ||
|ħ || Ħ ħ || X x || || ح || ሐ || ח ||
|-
|-
|i || rowspan="2" |I i || rowspan="2" | I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || rowspan="2" | אִ ||  
|i || rowspan="2" |I i || rowspan="2" | I i || || ـِ || rowspan="2" | ኢ || סִ ||  
|-
|-
|iː || || ـِي || allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables
|iː || || ـِي || סִי || allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables
|-
|-
|ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ ||
|ɟ || J j || J j || || ج || ጀ || גּ׳ ||
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|ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ڇ || ጨ || קּ׳ ||
|ʄ || Ɉ ɉ || J' j' || || ڇ || ጨ || קּ׳ ||
|-
|-
|k || K k || K k || || ك || ከ || כ ||
|k || K k || K k || || ک || ከ || כ ||
|-
|-
|l || L l || L l || || ل || ለ || ל ||
|l || L l || L l || || ل || ለ || ל ||
|-
|-
|m || M m || M m || || م || መ || מ ||
|m || M m || M m || || م || መ || מ ||
|-
|n || N n || N n || || ن || ነ || נ || ֹ
|-
|ɲ || Ɲ ɲ || Ny ny || || ݧ || ኘ || נ׳ ||
|-
|ŋ || Ŋ ŋ || Ng ng || || ݢ || ጘ || נ״ ||
|-
|ŋʷ || Ŋw ŋw || Ngw ngw || || ڬو || ⶓ || נ״ו ||
|-
|ɔ || rowspan="2" | O o || rowspan="2" | O o || || ـٗ || rowspan="2" | ኦ || סֹ ||
|-
|ɔː || || ـٗو || סוֹ || allophone of /ɔ/ in stressed, open syllables
|-
|p || P p || P p || || پ || ፐ || פּ || occurs in loanwords
|-
|q || Q q || Q q || || ق || ቀ || קּ || occurs in loanwords
|-
|ʔ || Ɂ ɂ || ' || || ٯٔ ، ء || ቐ || ק || allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels
|-
|ʕ || Ҁ ҁ || C c || || ع || ዐ || ע ||
|-
|ɾ || R r || R r || || ر || ረ || ר || allophone of /l/ between vowels
|-
|ʔ͡r || [Ɽ] ɽ || R' r' || || ݬ || [ረ] || ט || allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels
|-
|s || S s || S s || || س || ሰ || ס ||
|-
|t || T t || T t || || ت  || ተ || ת ||
|-
|-
|}
|}

Revision as of 03:46, 6 March 2017

Hadda (Native: ħaɗɗa) is an a priori language inspired by various African languages.

Introduction

Phonology

Orthography

Orthography (under construction; [ ] = to be replaced with a picture)

Hadda orthography
IPA Latin Simplified Latin Marasa Arabic Ge'ez Hebrew Notes
a A a A a ـَ סַ
ـَا סַא allophone of /a/ in stressed, open syllables
b B b B b ب ּב
ɓ Ɓ ɓ B' b' ڀ קּו
c C c Ch ch چ כ׳
d D d D d د ּד
ɗ Ɗ ɗ D' d' ڟ טּ
ð̞ Đ đ Dh dh ذ ך allophone of /d/ between vowels
ð ךֿ occurs in loanwords
ɛ E e E e ـٖ סֵ
ɛː ـٖي סֵי allophone of /ɛ/ in stressed, open syllables
f F f F f ف פ
g G g G g ݣ גּ
ɠ Ɠ ɠ G' g' کٴ קּ
ɣ̞ Ɣ ɣ Gh gh ڠ ג allophone of /g/ between vowels
ɣ غ גֿ occurs in loanwords
Gw gw Gw gw ڭو גּו
h H h H h ھ ኸ, ሀ ה allophone of /k/ between vowels in non-guttural environment;
occurs in loanwords
ħ Ħ ħ X x ح ח
i I i I i ـِ סִ
ـِي סִי allophone of /i/ in stressed, open syllables
ɟ J j J j ج גּ׳
ʄ Ɉ ɉ J' j' ڇ קּ׳
k K k K k ک כ
l L l L l ل ל
m M m M m م מ
n N n N n ن נ ֹ
ɲ Ɲ ɲ Ny ny ݧ נ׳
ŋ Ŋ ŋ Ng ng ݢ נ״
ŋʷ Ŋw ŋw Ngw ngw ڬو נ״ו
ɔ O o O o ـٗ סֹ
ɔː ـٗو סוֹ allophone of /ɔ/ in stressed, open syllables
p P p P p پ פּ occurs in loanwords
q Q q Q q ق קּ occurs in loanwords
ʔ Ɂ ɂ ' ٯٔ ، ء ק allophone of /ɠ/ between vowels
ʕ Ҁ ҁ C c ع ע
ɾ R r R r ر ר allophone of /l/ between vowels
ʔ͡r [Ɽ] ɽ R' r' ݬ [ረ] ט allophone of /ɗ/ between vowels
s S s S s س ס
t T t T t ت ת

Consonants

Allophones and loanword-exclusive phonemes are enclosed in brackets.

Consonants
Labial Dental/Alveolar Palatal Velar Labiovelar Pharyngeal/Uvular Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ ŋw /ŋʷ/
Plosive voiceless (p) t c k kw /kʷ/ (q) (ʔ)
voiced b d j /ɟ/ g gw /gʷ/
glottalized ɓ ɗ ɉ /ʄ/ ɠ
Fricative voiceless f s, (ŧ /θ/) (ʃ) (x) (hw /hʷ/) ħ (h)
voiced (v) (z), (đ /ð/) (ɣ)
Approximant voiced (v /β̞/) (đ /ð̝/) y /j/ (ɣ /ɣ̞/) w ʕ
glottalized (ɽ /ʔ͡r/) (ƴ /ʔʲ/) ( /ʔʷ/)
lateral l
Flap (r /ɾ/)

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Syntax

Constituent order

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources