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===Verbs===
===Verbs===
====Thematic verbs====
=====-an verbs=====
This is the most productive class of verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''makan'' 'to make''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''maka'' || ''makaś'' || ''makaź'' || ''makam'' || ''makaz'' || ''makanź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''maka'' || ''makas'' || ''maka'' ||  ''makam'' || ''makaz'' || ''makan''
|-
! past indicative
| ''makadie'' || ''makadiesd'' || ''makadie'' || ''makadiem'' || ''makadied'' || ''makadien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''makadi'' || ''makadisd'' || ''makadi'' || ''makadim'' || ''makadid'' || ''makadin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''maka!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''makaz!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''makand''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''makad''
|}
Also: ''liaufan'' 'love', ''lirnan'' 'learn'
=====-in verbs=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''rēcin'' 'to reach''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''rēci'' || ''rēciś'' || ''rēciź'' || ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcinź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''rēci'' || ''rēcis'' || ''rēci'' ||  ''rēcim'' || ''rēciz'' || ''rēcin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiesd'' || ''rēcidie'' || ''rēcidiem'' || ''rēcidied'' || ''rēcidien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidisd'' || ''rēcidi'' || ''rēcidim'' || ''rēcidid'' || ''rēcidin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''rēci!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''rēciz!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''rēcid''
|}
Also: ''arbēdin'' 'work'; ''haurin'' 'hear'; ''lērin'' 'teach'; ''sagin'' 'say'; ''ertalin'' 'tell, recount'; ''ranin'' 'run (transitive), execute, set into motion'
Verbs with a long vowel and dental suffix ''t'' in the past tense, e.g. ''bringin, brātie, brāt'' 'bring'; ''bugin, būtie, būt'' 'buy'; ''zancin, zātie, zāt'' - 'think' form a small subclass of the ''-in'' verbs.
====Athematic verbs====
=====Weak=====
=====Strong class 1=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''bīten'' 'to bite''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''bīta'' || ''bītier'' || ''bītied́'' || ''bītem'' || ''bītied'' || ''bītend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''bīte'' || ''bīter'' || ''bīte'' ||  ''bītem'' || ''bīted'' || ''bīten''
|-
! past indicative
| ''bēt'' || ''bētsd'' || ''bēt'' || ''bētam'' || ''bētad'' || ''bētan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''biti'' || ''bitisd'' || ''biti'' || ''bitim'' || ''bitid'' || ''bitin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bīt!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bītied!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bītend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''biten''
|}
Also: ''śgīnen, sgēn, śginen'' 'shine', ''drīfen, drēf, drifen'' 'drive', ''clīfen, clēf, clifen'' 'stick, cling', ''rīten, rēt, riten'' 'write'
=====Strong class 2=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''ciausen'' 'to choose''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''ciausa'' || ''ciausier'' || ''ciausied́'' || ''ciausem'' || ''ciausied'' || ''ciausend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''ciause'' || ''ciauser'' || ''ciause'' ||  ''ciausem'' || ''ciaused'' || ''ciausen''
|-
! past indicative
| ''caus'' || ''causd'' || ''caus'' || ''causam'' || ''causad'' || ''causan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''curi'' || ''curisd'' || ''curi'' || ''curim'' || ''curid'' || ''curin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ciaus!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''ciausied!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''ciausend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''curen''
|}
Also: ''biauden, baud, buden'' 'offer, bid', ''biaugen, baug, bugen'' 'bow', ''fliaugen, flaug, flugen'' 'fly', ''fliawen, flau, fluwen'' 'flee, escape', ''friausen, fraus, fruren'' 'freeze'
=====Strong class 3=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''binden'' 'to tie, to bind''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''binda'' || ''bindier'' || ''bindied́'' || ''bindem'' || ''bindied'' || ''bindend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''binde'' || ''binder'' || ''binde'' ||  ''bindem'' || ''binded'' || ''binden''
|-
! past indicative
| ''band'' || ''bandsd'' || ''band'' || ''bandam'' || ''bandad'' || ''bandan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''bundi'' || ''bundisd'' || ''bundi'' || ''bundim'' || ''bundid'' || ''bundin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''bind!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''bindied!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''bindend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''bunden''
|}
Also: ''bieginen, biegan, biegunen'' 'begin'; ''drincen, dranc, druncen'' 'drink'; ''finzen, fanz, funzen'' 'find'; ''grinden, grand, grunden'' 'grind'; ''rinen, ran, runen'' 'run'; ''śbringen, sbrang, sbrungen'' 'burst, explode'; ''singen, sang, sungen'' 'sing'; ''wierpen, warp, wurpen'' 'throw'; ''źringen, zrang, zrungen'' 'press, force, push through'
=====Strong class 4=====
In {{PAGENAME}}, Proto-Germanic class 3b strong verbs have merged with class 4 strong verbs.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaren'' 'to carry''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''biara'' || ''biarier'' || ''biaried́'' || ''biarem'' || ''biaried'' || ''biarend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''biare'' || ''biarer'' || ''biare'' ||  ''biarem'' || ''biared'' || ''biaren''
|-
! past indicative
| ''bar'' || ''barsd'' || ''bar'' || ''baram'' || ''barad'' || ''baran''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''buri'' || ''burisd'' || ''buri'' || ''burim'' || ''burid'' || ''burin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biar!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biaried!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''biarend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''buren''
|}
Also: ''briaken, brak, bruken'' 'break', ''niamen, nam, numen'' 'take', ''cüemen, kam, kumen'' 'come', ''śbriaken, sbrak, sbruken'' 'speak', ''śdialen, sdal, sdulen'' 'steal', ''hialpen, halp, hulpen'' 'help', ''driasg, drasg, drusgen'' 'thresh', ''śdiarf, sdarf, sdurfen'' 'die'
=====Strong class 5=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''giafen'' 'to give''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''giafa'' || ''giafier'' || ''giafied́'' || ''giafem'' || ''giafied'' || ''giafend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''giafe'' || ''giafer'' || ''giafe'' ||  ''giafem'' || ''giafed'' || ''giafen''
|-
! past indicative
| ''gaf'' || ''gafsd'' || ''gaf'' || ''gafam'' || ''gafad'' || ''gafan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''giafi'' || ''giafisd'' || ''giafi'' || ''giafim'' || ''giafid'' || ''giafin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''giaf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''giafied!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''giafen''
|}
Also: ''driapen, drap, driapen'' 'hit, meet', ''fergiaten, fergat, fergiaten'' 'forget', ''liasen, las, liaren'' 'read', ''siawen, saw, siawen'' 'see'. There are also the j-present verbs ''bidin, bad, biaden'' 'beg, pray', ''ligin, lag, liagen'' 'lie'
=====Strong class 6=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''grafen'' 'to dig''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''grafa'' || ''grafier'' || ''grafied́'' || ''grafem'' || ''grafied'' || ''grafend́''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''grafe'' || ''grafer'' || ''grafe'' ||  ''grafem'' || ''grafed'' || ''grafen''
|-
! past indicative
| ''grāf'' || ''grāfsd'' || ''grāf'' || ''grāfam'' || ''grāfad'' || ''grāfan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''grafi'' || ''grafisd'' || ''grafi'' || ''grafim'' || ''grafid'' || ''grafin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''graf!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''grafied!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''grafen''
|}
Also: ''faren, fār, faren'' 'spread', ''slagen, slāg, slagen'' 'strike', ''sdanden, sdānd, sdanden'' 'stand', ''wagsen, wāgs, wagsen'' 'grow', ''wasgen, wāsg, wasgen'' 'wash', ''jaten, jāt, jaten'' 'eat' (reclassified from class 5)
=====Strong class 7=====
hēten, hīt, hīten - to be called
laupen, liaup, liaupen - to leap
sdauten, śdiaut, śdiauten - to bump, crash
hald, hiald, hialden - to hold
liāten, līt, liāten - to let
siān, siādie, siād - to sow (regularized)
====Preterite-present verbs====
=====''witen'' 'to know'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''witen'' 'to know''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wōt'' || ''wōsd'' || ''wōt'' || ''witam'' || ''witad'' || ''witan''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''witi'' || ''witir'' || ''witi'' ||  ''witim'' || ''witid'' || ''witin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wiśdie'' || ''wiśdiesd'' || ''wiśdie'' || ''wiśdiem'' || ''wiśdied'' || ''wiśdien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''wiśdi'' || ''wiśdisd'' || ''wiśdi'' || ''wiśdim'' || ''wiśdid'' || ''wiśdin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''wit!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''witad!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''witend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''wisd''
|}
=====''cunen'' 'can, be able to'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''cunen'' 'can''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''can'' || ''cansd'' || ''can'' || ''cunam'' || ''cunad'' || ''cunan''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''cuni'' || ''cunir'' || ''cuni'' ||  ''cunim'' || ''cunid'' || ''cunin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''cundie'' || ''cundiesd'' || ''cundie'' || ''cundiem'' || ''cundied'' || ''cundien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''cundi'' || ''cundisd'' || ''cundi'' || ''cundim'' || ''cundid'' || ''cundin''
|}
Similarly ''sgulen'' 'should', ''zurfen'' 'have to'.
=====''magen'' 'may'=====
The present forms of this verb are derived from Gmc {{recon|''maganą''}} (~ Eng. ''may'', ''might''), and the past forms are from PGmc {{recon|''mōtaną''}} (~ Eng. ''must'').
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''magen'' 'may''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''mag'' || ''magsd'' || ''mag'' || ''muogam'' || ''muogad'' || ''muogan''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''magi'' || ''magir'' || ''magi'' ||  ''magim'' || ''magid'' || ''magin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''māsdie'' || ''māsdiesd'' || ''māsdie'' || ''māsdiem'' || ''māsdied'' || ''māsdien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''māsdi'' || ''māsdisd'' || ''māsdi'' || ''māsdim'' || ''māsdid'' || ''māsdin''
|}
====Other irregular verbs====
=====''wilen'' 'want to, will'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''wilen'' 'want to, will''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''wī'' || ''wīsd'' || ''wī'' || ''wīm'' || ''wīd'' || ''wīn''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''wili'' || ''wilir'' || ''wili'' ||  ''wilim'' || ''wilid'' || ''wilin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''wildie'' || ''wildiesd'' || ''wildie'' || ''wildiem'' || ''wildied'' || ''wildien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''wildi'' || ''wildisd'' || ''wildi'' || ''wildim'' || ''wildid'' || ''wildin''
|}
=====''biaun'' 'be'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''biaun'' 'to be''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''im'' || ''ir'' || ''iś'' || ''wiram'' || ''wirad'' || ''wiranź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''sije'' || ''sijer'' || ''sije'' ||  ''sijem'' || ''sijed'' || ''sijen''
|-
! past indicative
| ''was'' || ''wasd'' || ''was'' || ''wiēram'' || ''wiērad'' || ''wiēran''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''wiēri'' || ''wiērisd'' || ''wiēri'' || ''wiērim'' || ''wiērid'' || ''wiērin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''biau!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''biaud!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''wiesend''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''wiēren''
|}
=====''han'' 'have (auxiliary)'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''han'' 'to have (auxiliary)''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''ha'' || ''haś'' || ''haź'' || ''ham'' || ''haz'' || ''hanź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''hafe'' || ''hafis'' || ''hafi'' ||  ''hafim'' || ''hafiz'' || ''hafin''
|-
! past indicative
| ''hadie'' || ''hadiesd'' || ''hadie'' || ''hadiem'' || ''hadied'' || ''hadien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''hadi'' || ''hadisd'' || ''hadi'' || ''hadim'' || ''hadid'' || ''hadin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''ha!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''haz!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''hafind''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''had''
|}
=====''dān'' 'do'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''dān'' 'to do''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''dā'' || ''dāś'' || ''dāź'' || ''dām'' || ''dāz'' || ''dānź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''dā'' || ''dās'' || ''dā'' ||  ''dām'' || ''dāz'' || ''dān''
|-
! past indicative
| ''diadie'' || ''diadiesd'' || ''diadie'' || ''diadiem'' || ''diadied'' || ''diadien''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''diadi'' || ''diadisd'' || ''diadi'' || ''diadim'' || ''diadid'' || ''diadin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''dā!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''dāz!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''dānd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''dān''
|}
=====''gān'' 'go'=====
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
|+ '''''gān'' 'to go''''
! tense || ''jac'' || ''zū'' || ''ir/sī/it'' || ''wīr'' || ''jūr'' || ''jā''
|-
! present indicative
| ''gā'' || ''gāś'' || ''gāź'' || ''gām'' || ''gāz'' || ''gānź''
|-
! present subjunctive
| ''gā'' || ''gās'' || ''gā'' ||  ''gām'' || ''gāz'' || ''gān''
|-
! past indicative
| ''giang'' || ''giangsd'' || ''giang'' || ''giangam'' || ''giangad'' || ''giangan''
|-
! past subjunctive
| ''giangi'' || ''giangisd'' || ''giangi'' || ''giangim'' || ''giangid'' || ''giangin''
|-
! imperative
| ''-'' || ''gā!'' || ''-'' || ''-'' || ''gāz!'' || ''-''
|-
!colspan="7"|
|-
! present participle
|colspan="6"| ''gānd''
|-
! past participle
|colspan="6"| ''giangen''
|}
Also: ''fān'' - to get, to obtain


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
[[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
[[Category:Germanic languages]][[Category:Lõis]]
Retrieved from "https://duo.linguifex.com/wiki/Glommish"