Yokohama Creole: Difference between revisions

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/r/ is usually alveolar approximant /ɹ/, though, similarly to Puerto Rican Spanish, coda /r/ becomes lateral /l/ before a consonant, so "port" becomes /polt/, from which /polti/, an endonym, derives.

/r/ is usually alveolar approximant /ɹ/, though, similarly to [[w:Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican Spanish]], coda /r/ becomes lateral /l/ before a consonant, so "port" becomes /polt/, from which /polti/, an endonym, derives.

/v/ is also very variable, often merging with /b/ in many speakers (especially older speakers with Japanese as their first language) but also being pronounced as a steady bilabilal fricative /β/. True labiodental /v/ is only common among the most monolingual Creole communities.

Yokohama Creole incorporates [[w:Th-stopping|th-stopping]], where dental fricatives /θ ð/ become stops /t d/, so words like "day" and "they" both become /dei/ > /dee/. This is unlike most other Japanese variations of English, which usually incorporate th-alveolarisation where /θ ð/ instead become alveolar /s z/. The reason for this disparity is debated, though some have noted that th-stopping is common among other English-based creole languages such as [[w:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]] or [[w:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]].

==Grammar==

Yokohama Creole does not have any [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], nor generally any indication for [[w:Grammatical number|grammatical number]], as in Japanese. Instead, much of Yokohama Creole is analytical, with particles derived from Japanese indicating relationships between things in a sentence.

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 | w || l~r || j ||
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-/r/ is usually alveolar approximant /ɹ/, though, similarly to Puerto Rican Spanish, coda /r/ becomes lateral /l/ before a consonant, so "port" becomes /polt/, from which /polti/, an endonym, derives.
+/r/ is usually alveolar approximant /ɹ/, though, similarly to [[w:Puerto Rican Spanish|Puerto Rican Spanish]], coda /r/ becomes lateral /l/ before a consonant, so "port" becomes /polt/, from which /polti/, an endonym, derives.
 /v/ is also very variable, often merging with /b/ in many speakers (especially older speakers with Japanese as their first language) but also being pronounced as a steady bilabilal fricative /β/. True labiodental /v/ is only common among the most monolingual Creole communities.
 Yokohama Creole incorporates [[w:Th-stopping|th-stopping]], where dental fricatives /θ ð/ become stops /t d/, so words like "day" and "they" both become /dei/ > /dee/. This is unlike most other Japanese variations of English, which usually incorporate th-alveolarisation where /θ ð/ instead become alveolar /s z/. The reason for this disparity is debated, though some have noted that th-stopping is common among other English-based creole languages such as [[w:Nigerian Pidgin|Nigerian Pidgin]] or [[w:Jamaican Patois|Jamaican Patois]].
 ==Grammar==
 Yokohama Creole does not have any [[w:Article (grammar)|articles]], nor generally any indication for [[w:Grammatical number|grammatical number]], as in Japanese. Instead, much of Yokohama Creole is analytical, with particles derived from Japanese indicating relationships between things in a sentence.