Húsnorsk: Difference between revisions
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==Development== | ==Development== | ||
Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens. | Húsnorsk's phonological history is, for the most part, deeply understood. The development of certain consonants and vowels isn't fully understood, such as the mechanism behind Old Norse "ár" to Húsnorsk "aą", and Old Norse initial /x/ to Húsnorsk /k/, the latter of which is extremely poorly understood as it's not known what caused it nor where it happens.<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The lasting mystery of Húsnorsk ár and h- development."</ref> | ||
The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | The following are the reconstructed phonological and grammatical changes between Old West Norse and Húsnorsk. Grammatical changes will be indented. | ||
/ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy. | */ar/ to /r̩/, the mechnism behind "ár" > "aą" is currently unknown, but it may have occurred out of analogy. | ||
*/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | |||
/xʷ/ to /x/, the lost labialization affects the vowel, rounding or raising vowels. | **Masculine a-stems reformed to all end in -r regardless of final consonant (Before /r̩/ > /ɐ/ due to some recorded misspellings) | ||
*/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár") | |||
*/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | |||
*/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/ | |||
/r̩/ to /ɐ/ (see rule #1 for "ár") | **Dual pronouns lost? (The timing is uncertain, but it happened relatively early on) | ||
*/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | |||
/Vl/ to /Vu̯/, but /Vl:/ to /Vu̯d/ (where /V/ is any vowel, /ul/ to /uː/) | */v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | ||
*/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though (/gl̩/ seems to instead go to [ɣl]) | |||
/mb, nd, ŋg/ to /m:, n:, g:/ | |||
/rn, rm/ to /tn, pm/ | |||
/v/ to /b/ before approximants (/f/ > /p/ only occurs word initially, as it was [v] elsewhere) | |||
/l̩/ to /ul/, spelling doesn't change though | |||
===Húmgądsnorską=== | ===Húmgądsnorską=== | ||
coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | *coda geminates to /ʰC/ when voiceless, to a fricative when voiced, and nasals to /PN/ (/n:/ > /tn/) | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -ðr- throughout | |||
***see Old Norse "annarr" and "mann" (accusative of "maðr") to Húmgądsnorsk "adrarą" and "mad" (-nn > -d due to the next change) | |||
**Around the same time as the -ðr-/-nn- leveling, the masculine consonant stems are merged with the masculine a-stems | |||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | |||
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | |||
Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | */θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | ||
**Genitive singular leveled to -s and -sins. | |||
/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | **Dative singular leveled to -i and -inum. | ||
*/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | |||
/θ, ð/ to /t, d/ | *<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | ||
*Word initial /x/ to /k/ when not in a cluster (Unknown why this is inconsistent, though it seems to happen more before long vowels) | |||
*/ɣ/ to /g/ | |||
*/rː/ to /ʒ/ | |||
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | |||
/sː/ to /ts/ when occupying coda only | *splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change.<ref>Versdóttir, Anną. "The phonological development of Western Húsnorsk, otherwise known as Novgorodian."</ref> | ||
<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals | |||
Word initial /x/ | |||
/ɣ/ to /g/ | |||
/rː/ to /ʒ/ | |||
Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | |||
splitting of /eː/ into /je/, this isn't a complete sound change, as | |||
===Jugsnorską=== | ===Jugsnorską=== | ||
coda geminates shorten | *coda geminates shorten | ||
**-ðr-/-nn- paradigm leveled to -nn- throughout | |||
***see Old Norse "ǫðrum" (dative plural of "annarr") and "maðr" to Jugsnorsk "annarą" and "mann" | |||
*Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | |||
*/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | |||
Diphthong flattening: /au, ɛu, eu, iu, øu, yu, ɔu, ou/ /ɔː, øː, øː, yː, yː, yː, oː, uː/ | */r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | ||
*Genitive singular leveled to -s, words in -s now have a genitive in -ss | |||
/fp, vb/ to /pː, bː/ | *Dative singular leveled to -i, thus words like "ríki" have a dative "ríkí" | ||
*<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą") | |||
/r̥, l̥/ to /r, l/ | */ɣ/ to /g/ | ||
*/ɬ/ to /ʃ/ | |||
*Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | |||
*Vowel shifts: | |||
**Overlong to plain long | |||
<sup>?</sup> /st/ to /s/ after consonants, especially nasals (see "blómstr" to "blómsą") | **Short shifts: /i, e, u, o, a/ > /ɪ, ɛ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
**Long splitting: /iː, eː, ɛː, uː, oː, ɔː, yː, øː, aː/ > /ɪi, ei, ɛi, ʊu, ou, ɔu, ʏy, øy, au/ | |||
/ɣ/ to /g/ | ***mergers: /ei, ɛi/, /ou, ɔu/ > /e̞i, o̞u/, /øy/ to /ø̞y/ | ||
**New vowel inventory: | |||
/ɬ/ to /ʃ/ | ***Short: /ɪ, ɛ, ʏ, œ, ʊ, ɔ, ɐ/ | ||
***Long: /ɪi, e̞i, ʏy, ø̞y, ʊu, o̞u, au/ | |||
Devoicing of stops in contact with /s/ | *Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/) | ||
*The odd /gl̩/ (still [ɣl]) becomes /i̯l/<ref>Húmvera, Aska. "The chronological development of Jugsnorsk from Old Norse"</ref> | |||
Vowel shifts: | |||
Consonants follows by /f, s/ become aspirated. (see Old Norse "því" to Jagsnorska /tʰɪi/, through an intermediate /tfiː/) | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||