Gwapyeo: Difference between revisions
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''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically. | ''ㅎ h'' cannot happen in syllable final position, instead being used as a vowel length marker, as coda /h/ has historically been lost, causing compensatory lengthening on the previous vowel. However, it can, similarly to plain consonants, become voiced [ɦ] intervocalically. | ||
The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch| | The status of ''sʰ ㅅ'' is quite controversial, as a number of dialects, including the standard one, have merged this sound with ''s ㅆ'', yet retaining the effect of aspirated consonants on pitch (see [[#Vowel pitch|Vowel pitch]]). | ||
====Sonorants==== | |||
''ㄹ r'' is pronounced anywhere between /l/ and /ɾ/, with free variation between the two, although it is sometimes dropped in coda positions, especially for younger speakers. | |||
''m ㅁ'', ''n ㄴ'', and ''ㅇ ng'' assimilate depending on the following phoneme: | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Nasal assimilation | |||
|- | |||
! Following consonant | |||
! Nasal realization | |||
|- | |||
! Labial | |||
| /m/ | |||
|- | |||
! Alveolar | |||
| /n/ | |||
|- | |||
! Palatal | |||
| /ɲ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Velar | |||
| /ŋ/ | |||
|} | |||
''ㅇ ng'' cannot be the onset of a syllable. The symbol is instead used to mark the absence of a consonantal onset, like in Korean. | |||
====Positional allophony==== | |||
As mentioned previously, Gwapyeo consonants are pronounced differently depending on their position in the word. The '''initial''' form is found at the beginning of words and in non-leniting medial environments. The '''medial''' form is found in voiced environments (intervocalic, between sonorants). The '''final''' form is found at the end of words. | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;" | |||
! Phoneme | |||
! m ㅁ | |||
! n ㄴ | |||
! ŋ ㅇ | |||
! pʰ ㅍ | |||
! tʰ ㅌ | |||
! tɕʰ ㅊ | |||
!kʰ ㅋ | |||
!p ㅂ | |||
!t ㄷ | |||
!tɕ ㅈ | |||
!k ㄱ | |||
!sʰ ㅅ | |||
!h ㅎ | |||
!s ㅆ | |||
!l~ɾ ㄹ | |||
|- | |||
! Initial | |||
| rowspan="3" | /m/ | |||
| rowspan="3" | /n/ | |||
| Ø | |||
| rowspan="2" | /pʰ/ | |||
| rowspan="2" | /tʰ/ | |||
| rowspan="2" | /tɕʰ/ | |||
| rowspan="2" | /kʰ/ | |||
| /p/ | |||
| /t/ | |||
| /tɕ/ | |||
| /k/ | |||
| rowspan="3" | /sʰ/ | |||
| /h/ | |||
| /s/ | |||
| rowspan="3" | /l~ɾ/ | |||
|- | |||
! Medial | |||
| rowspan="2" | /ŋ/ | |||
| /b/ | |||
| /d/ | |||
| /dʑ/ | |||
| /g/ | |||
| /ɦ/ | |||
| /z/ | |||
|- | |||
! Final | |||
| /ɸ/ | |||
| /s/ | |||
| /ɕ/ | |||
| /x/ | |||
| /p̚/ | |||
| colspan="2" | /t̚/ | |||
| /k̚/ | |||
| Ø | |||
| /s/ | |||
|} | |||
====Palatalisation==== | |||
Before /i/ and its semivowel counterpart /j/, some of the consonants "palatalise". Most notably, the aspirated plosives /tʰ/ and /kʰ/ merge into [tɕʰ] in most dialects, although some dialects still maintain a distinct pronunciation (pronounced in the vicinity of [tʃʰ] and [cçʰ] respectively). | |||
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg"; style="text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
! style="width: 320px; " colspan="2" | Palatalisation | |||
|- | |||
! Base consonant | |||
! Palatalized realization | |||
|- | |||
! /t/ | |||
| [dʑ] | |||
|- | |||
! /tʰ/ | |||
| [tɕʰ~tʃʰ] | |||
|- | |||
! /s/ | |||
| [ʑ] | |||
|- | |||
! /sʰ/ | |||
| [ɕʰ] | |||
|- | |||
! /k/ | |||
| [dʑ~ɟʝ] | |||
|- | |||
! /kʰ/ | |||
| [tɕʰ~cçʰ] | |||
|} | |||
===Vowels=== | |||