Verse:Mwail/Ryooteq: Difference between revisions

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All consonants are long, compared to English: with plain stops the hold is longer, with aspirated stops the aspiration is longer, and with affricates the frication is longer. The [[voice onset time]] of the aspirated and ejective stops is twice as long as that found in most non-Athabaskan languages. {{Harvcoltxt|Young|Morgan|1987}} described Navajo consonants as "doubled" between vowels, but in fact they are equally long in all positions.{{sfnp|McDonough|Ladefoged|1993|p=?}}

;Stops and affricates

All stops and affricates, except for the bilabial and glottal, have a three-way laryngeal contrast between unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective. The labials {{IPA|/p, m/}} are found in only a few words. Most of the contrasts in the inventory lie within coronal territory at the alveolar and palatoalveolar places of articulation.

The aspirated stops {{IPA|/tʰ, kʰ/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|t}}}}, {{angbr|{{spell-nv|k}}}}) are typically aspirated with velar frication {{IPA|[tx, kx]}} (they are phonetically [[affricate]]s — [[homorganic]] in the case of {{IPA|[kx]}}, heterorganic in the case of {{IPA|[tx]}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|2003}} and {{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|Ladefoged|1993}} find these to be affricates and not clusters. The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the [[amplitude]] of the frication noise (i.e. the ''rise time''); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative {{Harvcoltxt|Johnson|2003|pp=144–145}}.</ref> The velar aspiration is also found on a labialized velar {{IPA|[kxʷ]}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|kw}}}}). There is variation within Navajo, however, in this respect: some dialects lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Reichard|1945}} reports that this variation is salient to Navajo speakers and that speakers with aspirated stops called the speakers with velar frication {{spell-nv|''x da’ání''}} ('{{angbr|x}}-speakers').</ref><ref>The velar frication on {{IPA|/tʰ, kʰ/}} is also seen in the closely related [[Chiricahua Apache language]]; however, the [[Western Apache language]] does not typically have this velar aspiration.{{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1942|p=?}}</ref>

Similarly the unaspirated velar {{IPA|/k/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|g}}}}) is realized as with optional voiced velar frication following the stop burst: {{IPA|[k] ~ [kɣ]}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The unaspirated lateral {{IPA|/tɬ/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|dl}}}}) typically has a voiced [[lateral release (phonetics)|lateral release]], {{IPA|[tˡ]}}, of a duration comparable to the release of the {{IPA|/k/}} and much shorter than the unaspirated fricatives {{IPA|/ts/, /tʃ/}}. However, the aspirated and ejective laterals are true fricatives.

While the aspiration of stops is markedly long compared to most other languages, the aspiration of the affricates is quite short: the main feature distinguishing {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} from {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} is that the frication is half again as long in the latter: {{IPA|[tsˑʰ], [tʃʰˑ]}}. {{IPA|/tɬʰ/}} is similarly long, {{IPA|[tɬˑʰ]}}. The ejectives {{IPA|/tsʼ/, /tɬʼ/, /tʃʼ/}}, on the other hand, have short frication, presumably due to the lack of [[airstream mechanism|pulmonic airflow]]. There is a period of near silence before the glottalized onset of the vowel. In {{IPA|/tɬʼ/}} there may be a double glottal release, or a [[creaky voice|creaky]] onset to the vowel not found in the other ejective affricates.

;Continuants

Navajo voiceless continuants are realized as [[fricative]]s. They are typically noisier than the fricatives that occur in English. The palato-alveolars {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ/}} are not labialized unlike English and other European languages.{{sfnp|McDonough|2003|p=130}}

Navajo also does not have consistent phonetic voicing in the "voiced" continuant members. Although {{IPA|/z, l, ʒ, ɣ/}} are described as voiced in impressionist descriptions,<ref>For example, {{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1945a}}</ref> data from [[spectrogram]]s shows that they may be partially devoiced during the constriction. In stem-initial position, {{IPA|/l/}} tends to be fully voiced, {{IPA|/ʒ/}} has a slight tendency to be voiceless near the offset, {{IPA|/z/}} is often mostly voiceless with phonetic voicing only at the onset, {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is also only partially voiced with voicing at onset. A more consistent acoustic correlate of the "voicing" is the duration of the consonant: "voiceless" consonants have longer durations than "voiced" consonants. Based on this, {{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|2003}} argues that the distinction is better captured with the notion of a fortis/lenis contrast. A further characteristic of voicing in Navajo is that it is marginally contrastive (see the [[#Voicing assimilation|voicing assimilation section]]).

Navajo lacks a clear distinction between phonetic [[fricative]]s and approximants. Although the pair {{IPA|[ɬ]}}~{{IPA|[l]}} has been described as a fricative and an approximant, respectively, the lack of a consistent contrast between the two phonetic categories and a similar patterning with other fricative pairs suggests that they are better described as continuants. Additionally, observations have been made about the less fricative-like nature of {{IPA|[ɣ, ɣʷ]}} and the more fricative-like nature of {{IPA|[j]}}.

;Sonorants

A more abstract analysis of Navajo posits two different {{IPA|/j/}} phonemes (see the [[#Velar /ɣ/, palatal /j/|below]] for elaboration).

The glottalized sonorants are the result of [[#D-effect|''d''-effect]] on the non-glottalized counterparts. A strict structuralist analysis, such as that of {{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1945a}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Sapir|Hoijer|1967}}, considers them phonemic.

;Glottal(ized) consonants

Consonants involving a glottal closure — the glottal stop, ejective stops, and the glottalized sonorants — may have optional [[creaky voice]] on voiced sounds adjacent to the glottal gesture. Glottal stops may also be realized entirely as creaky voice instead of single glottal closure.<ref>Similar observations have been noted for the closely related [[Western Apache language]].</ref> Ejectives in Navajo differ from the ejectives in many other languages in that the glottal closure is not released near-simultaneously with the release of the oral closure (as is common in other languages) — it is held for a significant amount of time following oral release. The glottalized sonorants {{IPA|/mʼ, nʼ/}} are articulated with a glottal stop preceding the oral closure with optional creaky voice during the oral closure: {{IPA|[ʔm ~ ʔm̰, ʔn ~ ʔn̰]}}.

;Labialized consonants

Consonants {{IPA|/kʰʷ, xʷ, ɣʷ, hʷ/}} are predictable variants that occur before the rounded oral vowel {{IPA|/o/}}. However, these sounds also occur before the vowels {{IPA|/i, e, a/}} where they contrast with their non-labialized counterparts {{IPA|/kʰ, x, ɣ, h/}}.

===Vowels===

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+All consonants are long, compared to English: with plain stops the hold is longer, with aspirated stops the aspiration is longer, and with affricates the frication is longer. The [[voice onset time]] of the aspirated and ejective stops is twice as long as that found in most non-Athabaskan languages. {{Harvcoltxt|Young|Morgan|1987}} described Navajo consonants as "doubled" between vowels, but in fact they are equally long in all positions.{{sfnp|McDonough|Ladefoged|1993|p=?}}
+;Stops and affricates
+All stops and affricates, except for the bilabial and glottal, have a three-way laryngeal contrast between unaspirated, aspirated, and ejective. The labials {{IPA|/p, m/}} are found in only a few words. Most of the contrasts in the inventory lie within coronal territory at the alveolar and palatoalveolar places of articulation.
+The aspirated stops {{IPA|/tʰ, kʰ/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|t}}}}, {{angbr|{{spell-nv|k}}}}) are typically aspirated with velar frication {{IPA|[tx, kx]}} (they are phonetically [[affricate]]s — [[homorganic]] in the case of {{IPA|[kx]}}, heterorganic in the case of {{IPA|[tx]}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|2003}} and {{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|Ladefoged|1993}} find these to be affricates and not clusters. The acoustic difference between an affricate and a stop + fricative consonant cluster is the rate of increase in the [[amplitude]] of the frication noise (i.e. the ''rise time''); affricates have a short rise time, consonant clusters have a longer rise time between the stop and fricative {{Harvcoltxt|Johnson|2003|pp=144–145}}.</ref> The velar aspiration is also found on a labialized velar {{IPA|[kxʷ]}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|kw}}}}). There is variation within Navajo, however, in this respect: some dialects lack strong velar frication having instead a period of aspiration.<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Reichard|1945}} reports that this variation is salient to Navajo speakers and that speakers with aspirated stops called the speakers with velar frication {{spell-nv|''x da’ání''}} ('{{angbr|x}}-speakers').</ref><ref>The velar frication on {{IPA|/tʰ, kʰ/}} is also seen in the closely related [[Chiricahua Apache language]]; however, the [[Western Apache language]] does not typically have this velar aspiration.{{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1942|p=?}}</ref>
+Similarly the unaspirated velar {{IPA|/k/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|g}}}}) is realized as with optional voiced velar frication following the stop burst: {{IPA|[k] ~ [kɣ]}}.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The unaspirated lateral {{IPA|/tɬ/}} (orthographic {{angbr|{{spell-nv|dl}}}}) typically has a voiced [[lateral release (phonetics)|lateral release]], {{IPA|[tˡ]}}, of a duration comparable to the release of the {{IPA|/k/}} and much shorter than the unaspirated fricatives {{IPA|/ts/, /tʃ/}}. However, the aspirated and ejective laterals are true fricatives.
+While the aspiration of stops is markedly long compared to most other languages, the aspiration of the affricates is quite short: the main feature distinguishing {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/tʃ/}} from {{IPA|/tsʰ/}} and {{IPA|/tʃʰ/}} is that the frication is half again as long in the latter: {{IPA|[tsˑʰ], [tʃʰˑ]}}. {{IPA|/tɬʰ/}} is similarly long, {{IPA|[tɬˑʰ]}}. The ejectives {{IPA|/tsʼ/, /tɬʼ/, /tʃʼ/}}, on the other hand, have short frication, presumably due to the lack of [[airstream mechanism|pulmonic airflow]]. There is a period of near silence before the glottalized onset of the vowel. In {{IPA|/tɬʼ/}} there may be a double glottal release, or a [[creaky voice|creaky]] onset to the vowel not found in the other ejective affricates.
+;Continuants
+Navajo voiceless continuants are realized as [[fricative]]s. They are typically noisier than the fricatives that occur in English. The palato-alveolars {{IPA|/ʃ, ʒ/}} are not labialized unlike English and other European languages.{{sfnp|McDonough|2003|p=130}}
+Navajo also does not have consistent phonetic voicing in the "voiced" continuant members. Although {{IPA|/z, l, ʒ, ɣ/}} are described as voiced in impressionist descriptions,<ref>For example, {{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1945a}}</ref> data from [[spectrogram]]s shows that they may be partially devoiced during the constriction. In stem-initial position, {{IPA|/l/}} tends to be fully voiced, {{IPA|/ʒ/}} has a slight tendency to be voiceless near the offset, {{IPA|/z/}} is often mostly voiceless with phonetic voicing only at the onset, {{IPA|/ɣ/}} is also only partially voiced with voicing at onset. A more consistent acoustic correlate of the "voicing" is the duration of the consonant: "voiceless" consonants have longer durations than "voiced" consonants. Based on this, {{Harvcoltxt|McDonough|2003}} argues that the distinction is better captured with the notion of a fortis/lenis contrast. A further characteristic of voicing in Navajo is that it is marginally contrastive (see the [[#Voicing assimilation|voicing assimilation section]]).
+Navajo lacks a clear distinction between phonetic [[fricative]]s and approximants. Although the pair {{IPA|[ɬ]}}~{{IPA|[l]}} has been described as a fricative and an approximant, respectively, the lack of a consistent contrast between the two phonetic categories and a similar patterning with other fricative pairs suggests that they are better described as continuants. Additionally, observations have been made about the less fricative-like nature of {{IPA|[ɣ, ɣʷ]}} and the more fricative-like nature of {{IPA|[j]}}.
+;Sonorants
+A more abstract analysis of Navajo posits two different {{IPA|/j/}} phonemes (see the [[#Velar /ɣ/, palatal /j/|below]] for elaboration).
+The glottalized sonorants are the result of [[#D-effect|''d''-effect]] on the non-glottalized counterparts. A strict structuralist analysis, such as that of {{Harvcoltxt|Hoijer|1945a}} and {{Harvcoltxt|Sapir|Hoijer|1967}}, considers them phonemic.
+;Glottal(ized) consonants
+Consonants involving a glottal closure — the glottal stop, ejective stops, and the glottalized sonorants — may have optional [[creaky voice]] on voiced sounds adjacent to the glottal gesture. Glottal stops may also be realized entirely as creaky voice instead of single glottal closure.<ref>Similar observations have been noted for the closely related [[Western Apache language]].</ref> Ejectives in Navajo differ from the ejectives in many other languages in that the glottal closure is not released near-simultaneously with the release of the oral closure (as is common in other languages) — it is held for a significant amount of time following oral release. The glottalized sonorants {{IPA|/mʼ, nʼ/}} are articulated with a glottal stop preceding the oral closure with optional creaky voice during the oral closure: {{IPA|[ʔm ~ ʔm̰, ʔn ~ ʔn̰]}}.
+;Labialized consonants
+Consonants {{IPA|/kʰʷ, xʷ, ɣʷ, hʷ/}} are predictable variants that occur before the rounded oral vowel {{IPA|/o/}}. However, these sounds also occur before the vowels {{IPA|/i, e, a/}} where they contrast with their non-labialized counterparts {{IPA|/kʰ, x, ɣ, h/}}.
 ===Vowels===