Gothevian: Difference between revisions
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====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian==== | ====From Classical Gothic to Pre-Gothevian==== | ||
* /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/. | * /h/, /w/ fortify into /k/, /p/ before /l/, /r/. | ||
*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|wlits}} /wlits/ → <small>P-G</small> ''plits'' /plits/ ("face") | |||
*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|hrōþs}} /hroːθs/ → <small>P-G</small> ''krōþs'' /kroːθs/ ("glory") | |||
* /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically. | * /β/ merges into /w/ intervocalically. | ||
*: <small>Got.</small> {{l|got|gabei}} /ˈɡa.βiː/ → <small>P-G</small> ''gáwɛi(n)'' /ˈɡa.wiː(n)/ ("wealth") | |||
* /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/. | * /β/, /ɣ/ merge into /w/ before /m/. | ||
*: <small>Got.</small> ''*sib(u)m'' /ˈsi.β(u)m/ → <small>P-G</small> ''siwm'' /siwm/ ("seven") | |||
====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian==== | ====From Pre-Gothevian to Old Gothevian==== | ||
* /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i | * /t, d/, /k, ɡ/ palatalize to /c/, /ɟ/ respectively before /i(ː)/, /eː/. /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ are unaffected. | ||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''tɛíhan'' /ˈtiː.han/ → <small>OG</small> ''cɛíhan'' /ˈciː.han/ ("to show") | |||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''gílþa'' /ˈɡil.θa/ → <small>early OG</small> ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ ("sickle") | |||
* /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel. | * /ɣ/ is elided intervocalically or in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, without compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel. | ||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''*ígil'' /ˈi.ɣil/ → <small>OG</small> ''íǥil, íil'' /ˈi.il ~ iːl/ ("hedgehog") | |||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''rign'' /riɣn/ → <small>OG</small> ''rin'' /rin/ ("rain") | |||
* /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/. | * /ɣr/, /rɣ/ coalesce into /ɣː/. | ||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''baírgan'' /ˈbɛr.ɣan/ → <small>OG</small> ''bɛ́ǥǥan'' /ˈbɛɣˈɣan/ ("rain") | |||
* /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/. | * /ɸ/, /β/ develop into /f/, /v/. | ||
* /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. | * /l/ is elided in syllable codas if followed by another consonant, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. | ||
*: <small>early OG</small> ''đílþa'' /ˈɟil.θa/ → <small>OG</small> ''đɛíþa'' /ˈɟiː.θa/ ("sickle") | |||
* /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too. | * /h/ is elided in syllable codas, with compensatory lengthening of the previous vowel, if short. If /h/ is followed by a consonant, then that consonant is geminated too. | ||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''módah'' /ˈmoː.dah/ → <small>OG</small> ''módah, módaa'' /ˈmoː.daː/ ("angry") | |||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''naht'' /naht/ → <small>OG</small> ''nahtt, naatt'' /naːtt/ ("night") | |||
* /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift. | * /ɟː/ causes nearby non-front vowels /a(ː)/, /ɔ(ː)/, /oː/, /u(ː)/ to front into /ɛ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. Non-geminate /ɟ/ does not trigger this shift. | ||
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. | *: <small>P-G</small> ''wadj'' /waɟɟ/ → <small>OG</small> ''wɛdj'' /wɛɟɟ/ ("wall") | ||
* /kʷ/, /ɡ(ː)ʷ/, /ʍ/ cause nearby unrounded vowels /a(ː)/, /ɛ(ː)/, /eː/, /i(ː)/ to round into /ɔ(ː)/, /œ(ː)/, /øː/, /y(ː)/. | |||
*: <small>P-G</small> ''qen'' /kʷeːn/ → <small>OG</small> ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ ("woman") | |||
====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian==== | ====From Old Gothevian to Middle Gothevian==== | ||
* /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive. | * /θ/, /ð/ fortify to /t/, /d/ when directly followed by another consonant that is not a glide or a plosive. | ||
*: <small>OG</small> ''þrɛi'' /θri(ː)/ → <small>early MG</small> ''trɛi'' /tri(ː)/ ("three") | |||
* One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract. | * One of /θ, ð/, /s, z/ retracts to /s, z/, /ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, triggering a chain shift that causes the second to also retract. | ||
*: <small>OG</small> ''síwþan'' /ˈsiw.θan/ → <small>MG</small> ''šíwsan'' /ˈʃiw.sɨn/ ("to boil") | |||
*: <small>OG</small> ''seþ'' /seːθ/ → <small>early MG</small> ''šes'' /ʃeːs/ ("seed") | |||
*: <small>OG</small> ''raz'' /raz/ → <small>MG</small> ''raž'' /raʒ/ ("house") | |||
* /ŋk, ŋɡ/, /ŋkʷ, ŋɡʷ/ coalesce into /nː/, /wː/ respectively. | |||
*: <small>OG</small> ''drínkan'' /ˈdriŋ.kan/ → <small>early MG</small> ''drínnan'' /ˈdriŋ.nan/ ("to drink") | |||
*: <small>OG</small> ''síngwan'' /ˈsiŋ.ɡʷan/ → <small>early MG</small> ''šíwwan'' /ˈsiw.wan/ ("to sing") | |||
* /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/. | * /kʷ/, /ɡʷ/, /ʍ/ lose their labialization and merge with /k/, /ɡ/, /h/. | ||
*: <small>OG</small> ''qen'' /kʷøːn/ → <small>early MG</small> ''qen'' /køːn/ ("woman") | |||
*: <small>OG</small> ''ƕass'' /ʍɔss/ → <small>early MG</small> ''ƕašš'' /hɔʃʃ/ ("sharp") | |||
* /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/. | * /ɣ/, /w/ are elided before back vowels /u(ː)/, /oː/. | ||
* / | *: <small>OG</small> ''wulkán'' /wul.ˈkan/ → <small>MG</small> ''ulkán'' /ul.ˈkan/ ("volcano") | ||
* Geminate consonants lose their gemination. | * Geminate consonants lose their gemination. | ||
* /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. | * /œ/, /y/ merge into /ɨ~ə/. | ||
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* /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/. | * /sc/, /ʃc/ develop into /st/, /ʃt/. | ||
* /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/. | * /w/, /ɣ/ merge into /v/, except when within a consonant cluster, then they merge into /w/. | ||
* Final fricatives devoice. | |||
==Orthography== | ==Orthography== | ||