Gothevian: Difference between revisions
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===Prepositions and particles=== | ===Prepositions and particles=== | ||
====Particles==== | ====Particles==== | ||
Gothevian employs the use of particles for various purposes. | |||
=====Function particles===== | =====Function particles===== | ||
Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles. | Function particles in Gothevian are grammaticalized particles that form multiword constructions, aiding with tenses and moods, and take on the uses of auxiliary verbs. Unlike discourse particles, they cannot be left out of a sentence. Below are some function particles. | ||
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* '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">have you drunk</span>''' water'''<span style="color:#709BBF">?</span>'''’ | * '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dránnivɛš}}</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vy}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vat?}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">have you drunk</span>''' water'''<span style="color:#709BBF">?</span>'''’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning. | '''[[Contionary:ny|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}]] (ny, "negation particle")''' — Placed before a noun, verb, adjective, or another particle to [[w:Affirmation_and_negation#Negation|negate]] its meaning. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|suk!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">don’t</span> <span style="color:#C15959">like</span>''' you!’ | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|n'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|yrèš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ suk!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">don’t</span> <span style="color:#C15959">like</span>''' you!’ | ||
* {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ƕɔn qízɛis,}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''<span style="color:#C15959">the</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">not-</span><span style="color:#C15959">strong</span>'''?’ | * {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|oš'ƕɔn qízɛis jy,}} '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ny}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šɛísyn}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|?}} — ‘who's talking, '''<span style="color:#C15959">the</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">not-</span><span style="color:#C15959">strong</span>'''?’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]]. | '''[[Contionary:o|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o}}]] (o, "vocative particle")''' — Placed before a noun to form a [[w:Vocative expression|vocative expression]]. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfë}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">O</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ázlyf</span>'''! Come here!’ | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|o'}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|Ázlyfë}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|! aš èly!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">O</span> <span style="color:#C15959">Ázlyf</span>'''! Come here!’ | ||
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* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">it'd be better if</span> <span style="color:#C15959">you sleep</span>''', you look tired’ | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|á-}}</span><span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žepaiš}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|, saíƕyniš mójivyn}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#709BBF">it'd be better if</span> <span style="color:#C15959">you sleep</span>''', you look tired’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection. | '''[[Contionary:daw|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}]] (daw, "affection particle")''' — Placed before a verb to express habitual enjoyment or affection. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis žóvvivny}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I heard she used to</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">like</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to draw</span>'''’ | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|daw}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|šívɛis}}</span>''' {{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}} '''<span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|žóvvivny}}</span>''' — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">I heard she used to</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">like</span> <span style="color:#C15959">to draw</span>'''’ | ||
'''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]]. | '''[[Contionary:sar|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}]] (sar, "jussive particle")''' — Placed before a verb in the indicative to express requirement, necessity, or urgency. Also placed before a verb in the subjunctive to express a more urgent or prioritized [[w:Hortative|hortative expression]]. | ||
* '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">have to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''!’ | * '''<span style="color:#709BBF">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|sar}}</span> <span style="color:#C15959">{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|vándɛiš}}</span>'''{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|!}} — ‘'''<span style="color:#C15959">you</span> <span style="color:#709BBF">have to</span> <span style="color:#C15959">leave</span>'''!’ | ||
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=====Discourse particles===== | =====Discourse particles===== | ||
Discourse particles in Gothevian are contextual, optional particles used to highlight the mood or the attitude of the speaker or to highlight the sentence's focus. These particles are mainly present in spoken, informal standard Gothevian or throughout its many dialects. In formal, written contexts, they are mostly seen as unprofessional. Below are some discourse particles. | |||
'''[[Contionary:jy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|jy}}]] (jy)''' — Used as a general intensifying particle. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:ɛi|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛi}}]] (ɛi)''' — Used to indicate that the utterance happened as a consequence to an earlier even or action. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:nušt|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|nušt}}]] (nušt)''' — Used to indicate something is being offered to the listener. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:níjy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|níjy}}]] (níjy)''' — Used to intensify a negative or opposing utterance. Also used before nouns, adjectives, adverbs, or verbs for stronger negation. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:aš|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|aš}}]] (aš)''' — Used to intensify imperatives. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:dɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|dɛ}}]] (dɛ)''' — Used as indicate haste or urgency. Also used to indicate the speaker is in a state of haste, or in a state of anger or hatred towards the listener or a third party. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:mis|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|mis}}]] (mis)''' — Used to intensify adjectives and adverbs. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:hax|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|hax}}]] (hax)''' — Used as a indicate a sudden shift or deviation of topic. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:áđby|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|áđby}}]] (áđby)''' — Used to indicate that the speaker has been ignorant of newly-provided information or fact. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:ɛx|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|ɛx}}]] (ɛx)''' — Used to indicate dissatisfaction or disgust. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:óšy|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|óšy}}]] (óšy)''' — Used to add a sense indeterminateness to interrogative pronouns or to add a sense greater indeterminateness to indefinite pronouns. Also used insultingly to add a sense of diminutivity. | |||
* ... | |||
'''[[Contionary:bɛ|{{lang|gthv|sc=Gthv|bɛ}}]] (bɛ)''' — Used to indicate frustration or anger. | |||
* ... | |||
=====Lexical particles===== | =====Lexical particles===== | ||