Aryan: Difference between revisions

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|-

! Accusative

| *nh0 || *tu̯h0 || *ím, *íh0m, *íts || *nóh0 || *úh0 || *aím, *aíh0m, *aíts || *nsh0 || *u̯sh0 || *ísm, *íh0sm, *ís || *nah0 || *u̯ah0 || *íam, *íh0am, *ía

| *nh0 || *tu̯h0 || *ím, *íh0m, *íts || *nóh0 || *i̯úh0 || *aím, *aíh0m, *aíts || *nsh0 || *u̯sh0 || *ísm, *íh0sm, *ís || *nah0 || *u̯ah0 || *íam, *íh0am, *ía

|-

! Genitive

| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a, *íh0tsi̯a, *ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *~~úi̯a~~ || *aítsi̯a, *aíh0tsi̯a, *aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am, *íh0tsi̯am, *ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íai̯a, *íh0ai̯a, *íai̯a

| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a, *íh0tsi̯a, *ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *i̯úi̯a || *aítsi̯a, *aíh0tsi̯a, *aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am, *íh0tsi̯am, *ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íai̯a, *íh0ai̯a, *íai̯a

|-

! Locative

| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi, *íh0tsi, *ítsi || *nói || *úi || *aítsi, *aíh0tsi, *aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim, *íh0tsim, *ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *~~íatsi~~, *íh0~~atsi~~, *~~íatsi~~

| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi, *íh0tsi, *ítsi || *nói || *i̯úi || *aítsi, *aíh0tsi, *aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim, *íh0tsim, *ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *íai, *íh0ai, *íai

|-

! Dative

| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *~~ítsai̯~~, *íh0~~tsai̯~~, *~~ítsai̯~~ || *nóai̯ || *~~úai̯~~ || *~~aítsai̯~~, *aíh0~~sai̯~~, *~~aítsai̯~~ || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || *~~ítsai̯m~~, *íh0~~tsai̯m~~, *~~ítsai̯m~~ || *~~naai̯~~ || *u̯atsai̯ || *íatsai̯, *íh0atsai̯, *íatsai̯

| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *íai̯, *íh0ai̯, *íai̯ || *nóai̯ || *i̯úai̯ || *aíai̯, *aíh0ai̯, *aíai̯ || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || *íai̯m, *íh0ai̯m, *íai̯m || *natsai̯ || *u̯atsai̯ || *íatsai̯, *íh0atsai̯, *íatsai̯

|-

|}

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**This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.

***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh0'' "me" became ''*mh0'', then PIE ''*me''.

*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' ~ ''*ts'' is ~~inserted to avoid diphthongs~~.

*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs between reduplicated vowels, and ''*ts'' is applied in all other cases when two bordering vowels are similar.

**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

*In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh0i'' "he" > ''*h0naír h0í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').

@@ Line 3,091: / Line 3,091: @@
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || *ím,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*íts || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *úh<sub>0</sub> || *aím,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || *ísm,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sm,<br>*ís || *nah<sub>0</sub> || *u̯ah<sub>0</sub> || *íam,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>am,<br>*ía
+| *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || *ím,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*íts || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *i̯úh<sub>0</sub> || *aím,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || *ísm,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sm,<br>*ís || *nah<sub>0</sub> || *u̯ah<sub>0</sub> || *íam,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>am,<br>*ía
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *úi̯a || *aítsi̯a,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am,<br>*ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íai̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯a,<br>*íai̯a
+| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *i̯úi̯a || *aítsi̯a,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am,<br>*ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íai̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯a,<br>*íai̯a
 |-
 ! Locative
-| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*ítsi || *nói || *úi || *aítsi,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsim,<br>*ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *íatsi,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>atsi,<br>*íatsi
+| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*ítsi || *nói || *i̯úi || *aítsi,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsim,<br>*ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *íai,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai,<br>*íai
 |-
 ! Dative
-| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *ítsai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯,<br>*ítsai̯ || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || *aítsai̯,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>sai̯,<br>*aítsai̯ || *nsai̯  || *u̯sai̯ || *ítsai̯m,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯m,<br>*ítsai̯m || *naai̯ || *u̯atsai̯ || *íatsai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>atsai̯,<br>*íatsai̯
+| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *íai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯,<br>*íai̯ || *nóai̯ || *i̯úai̯ || *aíai̯,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>ai̯,<br>*aíai̯ || *nsai̯  || *u̯sai̯ || *íai̯m,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>ai̯m,<br>*íai̯m || *natsai̯ || *u̯atsai̯ || *íatsai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>atsai̯,<br>*íatsai̯
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 3,114: / Line 3,114: @@
 **This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.
 ***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''.
-*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' ~ ''*ts'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs.
+*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''), and the collective simply does the latter but with the suffix ''*-a'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓna''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́a''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aía''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs between reduplicated vowels, and ''*ts'' is applied in all other cases when two bordering vowels are similar.
 **The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).
 *In Aryan, third-person pronouns possess a shorter form when complemented by a noun (e.g. ''*aíh<sub>0</sub>i'' "he" > ''*h<sub>0</sub>naír h<sub>0</sub>í'' "he, the man"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns used to be morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore couldn't stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').