Aryan: Difference between revisions
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | ||
! rowspan="3" | | ! rowspan="3" | | ||
! colspan=" | ! colspan="12" | PRONOUN DECLENSION | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan="3" | Singular | ! colspan="3" | Singular | ||
! colspan="3" | Dual | ! colspan="3" | Dual | ||
! colspan="3" | Plural | ! colspan="3" | Plural | ||
! colspan="3" | Collective | |||
|- | |- | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ||
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! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ! 1<sup>st</sup>-person | ||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | |||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 1<sup>rd</sup>-person | |||
! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ! 2<sup>nd</sup>-person | ||
! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ! 3<sup>rd</sup>-person | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! Nominative | ! Nominative | ||
| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || *aíh<sub>0</sub>i,<br>*aī́h<sub>0</sub>,<br>*aíts || *ōi̯ṓn || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́,<br>*īu̯ī́h<sub>0</sub>,<br>*īu̯ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aī́s,<br>*ī́h<sub>0</sub>s,<br>*ī́a | | *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || *aíh<sub>0</sub>i,<br>*aī́h<sub>0</sub>,<br>*aíts || *ōi̯ṓn || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́,<br>*īu̯ī́h<sub>0</sub>,<br>*īu̯ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aī́s,<br>*ī́h<sub>0</sub>s,<br>*ī́s || *ṓna || *ū́a || *aī́a,<br>*ī́h<sub>0</sub>a,<br>*ī́a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Accusative | ! Accusative | ||
| *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || *ím,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*íts || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *úh<sub>0</sub> || *aím,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || *ísm,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sm,<br>* | | *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || *ím,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*íts || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *úh<sub>0</sub> || *aím,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>m,<br>*aíts || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || *ísm,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>sm,<br>*ís || *nah<sub>0</sub> || *u̯ah<sub>0</sub> || *íam,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>am,<br>*íam | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Genitive | ! Genitive | ||
| *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *úi̯a || *aítsi̯a,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am,<br>*ítsi̯am | | *ni̯a || *tu̯i̯a || *ítsi̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*ítsi̯a || *nói̯a || *úi̯a || *aítsi̯a,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯a,<br>*aítsi̯a || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || *ítsi̯am,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi̯am,<br>*ítsi̯am || *nai̯a || *u̯ai̯a || *íaai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>aai̯,<br>*íaai̯ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Locative | ! Locative | ||
| *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*ítsi || *nói || *úi || *aítsi,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub> | | *ni || *tu̯i || *ítsi,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*ítsi || *nói || *úi || *aítsi,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>tsi,<br>*aítsi || *nsi || *u̯si || *ítsim,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsim,<br>*ítsim || *nai || *u̯ai || *ítsai,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsaia,<br>*ítsai̯a | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Dative | ! Dative | ||
| *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *ítsai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯,<br>*ítsai̯ || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || *aísai̯,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>sai̯,<br>*aídai̯ || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || *ítsai̯m,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯m,<br>*ítsai̯m | | *nai̯ || *tu̯ai̯ || *ítsai̯,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯,<br>*ítsai̯ || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || *aísai̯,<br>*aíh<sub>0</sub>sai̯,<br>*aídai̯ || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || *ítsai̯m,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯m,<br>*ítsai̯m || *naai̯ || *u̯aai̯ || *ítsai̯a,<br>*íh<sub>0</sub>tsai̯a,<br>*ítsai̯a | ||
|- | |- | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs. | *The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''; ''*aíh0i'' ⇒ ''*aī́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''; ''*aī́'' ⇒ ''*aís''). Medial ''*i̯'' ~ ''*u̯'' is inserted to avoid diphthongs. | ||
**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | **The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms of the first and second-person (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)). | ||
*The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. / | *The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /oːn/ ⇒ /own/ ⇒ /om/). | ||
**This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular. | **This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular. | ||
***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''. | ***e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''. | ||