Aryan: Difference between revisions

Line 3,067:

|-

! Nominative

| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || X || *~~ōyṓn~~ || *~~ūyū́~~ || X || *ṓns || *ū́s || X

| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || *aíh0i, *aī́h0, *aíd́ || *ōi̯ṓn || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́, *īu̯ī́h0, *ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aís, *ī́h0s, *ía

|-

! Accusative

| *nh0 || *tu̯h0 || X || *nóh0 || *úh0 || X || *nsh0 || *u̯sh0 || X

| *nh0 || *tu̯h0 || X || *nóh0 || *úh0 || ∅ || *nsh0 || *u̯sh0 || X

|-

! Genitive

| *ni̯a ~ *nna || *tu̯i̯a ~ *tu̯na || X || *nói̯a ~ *nóna || *úi̯a ~ *úna || X || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || X

| *ni̯a ~ *nna || *tu̯i̯a ~ *tu̯na || X || *nói̯a ~ *nóna || *úi̯a ~ *úna || ∅ || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || X

|-

! Dative

| *nay || *tu̯ai̯ || X || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || X || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || X

| *nay || *tu̯ai̯ || X || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || ∅ || *nsai̯ || *u̯sai̯ || X

|-

|}

Line 3,082:

Analysis

*The primordial form of ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*eǵHóm'') is ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' (Codex), which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, more securely assumed as a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "I".

*There is a emphatic series of third-person pronouns (i.e. ''*h0i'' "he", ''*ih0'' "she", ''*id́'' "it"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns are morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore cannot stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').

Reanalysis

*When inflected, lemmas are weakened

**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*~~twh~~0'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.

**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h0'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.

*The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).

**This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.

*** e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh0'' "me" became ''*mh0'', then PIE ''*me''.

*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*~~ōyṓn~~''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*~~ūyū́~~''), ~~with medial~~ ''*y'' inserted to avoid diphthongs.

*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''). Medial ''*i̯'' inserted to avoid diphthongs.

**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*~~ōyṓn~~'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*~~ūyū́~~'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).

*The plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōyṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūyū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''), with medial ''*y'' removed due the impossibility of diphthongs.

===Verb===

@@ Line 3,067: / Line 3,067: @@
 |-
 ! Nominative
-| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || X || *ōyṓn  || *ūyū́ || X || *ṓns || *ū́s || X
+| *aiǵṓn || *tū́ || *aíh<sub>0</sub>i, *aī́h<sub>0</sub>, *aíd́ || *ōi̯ṓn  || *ūi̯ū́ || *aī́, *īu̯ī́h<sub>0</sub>, *ī́ || *ṓns || *ū́s || *aís, *ī́h<sub>0</sub>s, *ía
 |-
 ! Accusative
-| *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || X || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *úh<sub>0</sub> || X || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || X
+| *nh<sub>0</sub> || *tu̯h<sub>0</sub> || X || *nóh<sub>0</sub> || *úh<sub>0</sub> || ∅ || *nsh<sub>0</sub> || *u̯sh<sub>0</sub> || X
 |-
 ! Genitive
-| *ni̯a ~ *nna || *tu̯i̯a ~ *tu̯na || X || *nói̯a ~ *nóna || *úi̯a ~ *úna || X || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || X
+| *ni̯a ~ *nna || *tu̯i̯a ~ *tu̯na || X || *nói̯a ~ *nóna || *úi̯a ~ *úna || ∅ || *nsi̯a || *u̯si̯a || X
 |-
 ! Dative
-| *nay || *tu̯ai̯ || X || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || X || *nsai̯  || *u̯sai̯ || X
+| *nay || *tu̯ai̯ || X || *nóai̯ || *úai̯ || ∅ || *nsai̯  || *u̯sai̯ || X
 |-
 |}
@@ Line 3,082: / Line 3,082: @@
 Analysis
 *The primordial form of ''*aiǵṓn'' (PIE ''*eǵHóm'') is ''ˈʕɨ̀ː-ɔː'' (Codex), which would regularly yield ''*aíō'', yet it is observed that in Aryan the consonant <''*ǵ''> is inserted, plus the affixation of <''*n''>, more securely assumed as a borrowing from Diluvian ''nao'' "I".
+*There is a emphatic series of third-person pronouns (i.e. ''*h<sub>0</sub>i'' "he", ''*ih<sub>0</sub>'' "she", ''*id́'' "it"). The reason for this is that in the Codex, pronouns are morphologically treated as affixes, and therefore cannot stand by themselves except when linked to a root (e.g. ''ˈə-e̞ː'' "he/she/it", but not ''**e̞ː'').
 Reanalysis
 *When inflected, lemmas are weakened
-**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*twh<sub>0</sub>'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.
+**If PIE ''*túH'' "you (sg.nom.)" and ''*twé'' "you (sg.acc.)" follow Aryan ''*tū́'' and ''*tu̯h<sub>0</sub>'', the form ''*eǵHóm'' (which could yield the equivalent of ''*me'') becomes more archaic than ''*h₁eǵH'', as Homeric Greek ''ἐγών'' and Sanskrit ''अहम्'' suggest.
 *The nasal in ''*aiǵṓn'' "I" was subsequently labialized by the preceding vowel, shortening the nucleus (i.e. /ɔːn/ ⇒ /ɔwn/ ⇒ /ɔm/).
 **This sound change affected all other inflections of the first person singular.
 *** e.g. the Aryan form ''*nh<sub>0</sub>'' "me" became ''*mh<sub>0</sub>'', then PIE ''*me''.
-*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōyṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūyū́''), with medial ''*y'' inserted to avoid diphthongs.
+*The dual is formed by erasing sounds of the singular, then reduplicating it (e.g. ''*aiǵṓn'' ⇒ ''*ōi̯ṓn''; ''*tū́'' ⇒ ''*ūi̯ū́''), while the plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōi̯ṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūi̯ū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''). Medial ''*i̯'' inserted to avoid diphthongs.
-**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōyṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūyū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).
+**The products of this process would eventually substitute the plural forms (i.e. ''*ṓns'' "we (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ōi̯ṓn'' "we (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*wéy'' "we (plural)" (PIE); ''*ūs'' "you (plural)" ⇒ ∅, replaced by ''*ūi̯ū́'' "you (dual)" (Aryan) ⇒ ''*yū́'' "you (plural)" (PIE)).
-*The plural is formed by erasing the reduplication of the dual, then adding the serial particle ''*-s-'' (e.g. ''*ōyṓn'' ⇒ ''*ṓns''; ''*ūyū́'' ⇒ ''*ū́s''), with medial ''*y'' removed due the impossibility of diphthongs.
 ===Verb===