Adamic Code: Difference between revisions

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*three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]].

Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing ~~meaning~~. Vide:

Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:

: ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic]

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: ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]

To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_Vcas'') combine with definition particles (''Vdef'') in the formula ''_VdefVcas'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''Cpro'') as in ''_CproVcas''. Furthermore, as articles are treated as clitics but pronouns aren't, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, otherwise the particle ''a'' fills this role when a pronoun. Vide:

To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_Vcas'') combine with definition particles (''Vdef'') in the formula ''_VdefVcas'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''Cpro'') as in ''_CproVcas''. Furthermore, as articles are treated as clitics but pronouns aren't, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article (otherwise the particle ''a'' fills this role when a pronoun). Vide:

: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''~~avâla~~ iru'' "the ~~person~~" (nominative)

: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative)

: ''_nu'' (1st-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative)

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When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:

: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru ~~avâla~~'' "it's the ~~person~~" (copulative)

: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (copulative)

: ''nu_'' (1st-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (copulative)

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-ī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the ~~obselete~~ fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'').

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-ī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''.

Gender~~, contrary to last terms,~~ functions as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.

Gender functions mostly as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.

====~~XXX~~====

====Pronouns====

Some ...

* The term '''(C)''' refers to feminine constructions other than ''-i'', such as combinations with Diluvian particles: ''-’a'', ''-i’a'', ''-a’i'', ''-ica’'', and ''-’aci''.

====Pronouns====

* The term '''(N)''' refers to plural constructions with Diluvian particles. Vide ''-ūan'' and ''-ūn'' in the masculine, whereas ''-īan'', ''-īn'', ''-ī'an'', ''-a’īn'', ''-a’īan'', ''-īca’an'', ''-’acīan'', ''-īca’n'', and ''-’acīn'' in the feminine.

=====Personal Pronouns=====

Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic. Compare Diluvian ''naocar'' "the near person", ''taocar'' "the person of reference", ''yaocar'' "that person (3rd-person)", ''kaocar'' "this person", ''phaocar'' "the present person", and ''aocar'' "person".

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE ~~PERSONAL PRONOUN~~ DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

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|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE ~~PERSONAL PRONOUN~~ DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)

|-

! Nominative

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

! rowspan="3" |

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE ~~PERSONAL PRONOUN~~ DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! colspan="3" | Singular

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|-

! rowspan="1" |

! colspan="9" | FEMININE ~~PERSONAL PRONOUN~~ DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)

|-

! Nominative

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|-

|}

* The term '''(C)''' refers to feminine constructions other than ''-i'', such as combinations with Diluvian particles: ''-’a'', ''-i’a'', ''-a’i'', ''-ica’'', and ''-’aci''.

* The term '''(N)''' refers to plural constructions with Diluvian particles. Vide ''-ūan'' and ''-ūn'' in the masculine, whereas ''-īan'', ''-īn'', ''-ī'an'', ''-a’īn'', ''-a’īan'', ''-īca’an'', ''-’acīan'', ''-īca’n'', and ''-’acīn'' in the feminine.

* Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic. Compare Diluvian ''naocar'' "the near person", ''taocar'' "the person of reference", ''yaocar'' "that person (3rd-person)", ''kaocar'' "this person", ''phaocar'' "the present person", and ''aocar'' "person".

@@ Line 1,619: / Line 1,619: @@
 *three genders: [[w:Feminine gender|feminine]], [[w:Masculine gender|masculine]], and [[w:Neuter gender|neuter]].
-Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing meaning. Vide:
+Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns (also, the neuter gender conflates with the masculine gender). The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (''i'', ''u'', and ''a'') specialized in capturing basic relations from older paleolithic codes. Vide:
 : ''-i̯'' (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_i'' (dative) [Adamic]
@@ Line 1,627: / Line 1,627: @@
 : ''-ʔ'' (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ ''_a'' (accusative) [Adamic]
-To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_V<sub>cas</sub>'') combine with definition particles (''V<sub>def</sub>'') in the formula ''_V<sub>def</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''C<sub>pro</sub>'') as in ''_C<sub>pro</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>''. Furthermore, as articles are treated as clitics but pronouns aren't, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article, otherwise the particle ''a'' fills this role when a pronoun. Vide:
+To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (''_V<sub>cas</sub>'') combine with definition particles (''V<sub>def</sub>'') in the formula ''_V<sub>def</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>'' to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (''C<sub>pro</sub>'') as in ''_C<sub>pro</sub>V<sub>cas</sub>''. Furthermore, as articles are treated as clitics but pronouns aren't, the empty space ''_'' is filled by a nominal unit when an article (otherwise the particle ''a'' fills this role when a pronoun). Vide:
-: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''avâla iru'' "the person" (nominative)
+: ''_iru'' (definite article) ⇒ ''saíkat iru'' "the philosopher" (nominative)
 : ''_nu'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''anu'' "I" (nominative)
@@ Line 1,635: / Line 1,635: @@
 When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:
-: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru avâla'' "it's the person" (copulative)
+: ''iru_'' (definite article) ⇒ ''iru saíkat'' "it's the philosopher" (copulative)
 : ''nu_'' (1<sup>st</sup>-person) ⇒ ''nua'' "it's me" (copulative)
-Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-ī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obselete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'').
+Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine (''u'') and neuter (''a'') are prototypically represented by ''-u'', ''-au'', and ''-ū'', whereas in the feminine (''i'') by ''-ui'', ''-ai'', and ''-ī'', with the plural demarcation actually behaving as ''V̄'' (depending on other terms to define a vowel). In effect, the conflation of the masculine and neuter with the basic form is explained by the obsolete fusion of the former (''*-uu'') and the fact that the latter can be left unmarked (''-u∅'') to represent ''-ua''.
-Gender, contrary to last terms, functions as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.
+Gender functions mostly as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (''i'') and "immaterial" (''u'') members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "wind", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.
-====XXX====
+====Pronouns====
+Some ...
+* The term '''(C)''' refers to feminine constructions other than ''-i'', such as combinations with Diluvian particles: ''-’a'', ''-i’a'', ''-a’i'', ''-ica’'', and ''-’aci''.
-====Pronouns====
+* The term '''(N)''' refers to plural constructions with Diluvian particles. Vide ''-ūan'' and ''-ūn'' in the masculine, whereas ''-īan'', ''-īn'', ''-ī'an'', ''-a’īn'', ''-a’īan'', ''-īca’an'', ''-’acīan'', ''-īca’n'', and ''-’acīn'' in the feminine.
+=====Personal Pronouns=====
+Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic. Compare Diluvian ''naocar'' "the near person", ''taocar'' "the person of reference", ''yaocar'' "that person (3<sup>rd</sup>-person)", ''kaocar'' "this person", ''phaocar'' "the present person", and ''aocar'' "person".
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
@@ Line 1,684: / Line 1,692: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
 |-
 ! Nominative
@@ Line 1,708: / Line 1,716: @@
 {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
 ! rowspan="3" |
-! colspan="9" | MASCULINE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+! colspan="9" | MASCULINE/NEUTER DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
 ! colspan="3" | Singular
@@ Line 1,743: / Line 1,751: @@
 |-
 ! rowspan="1" |
-! colspan="9" | FEMININE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
+! colspan="9" | FEMININE DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
 |-
 ! Nominative
@@ Line 1,764: / Line 1,772: @@
 |-
 |}
-* The term '''(C)''' refers to feminine constructions other than ''-i'', such as combinations with Diluvian particles: ''-’a'', ''-i’a'', ''-a’i'', ''-ica’'', and ''-’aci''.
-* The term '''(N)''' refers to plural constructions with Diluvian particles. Vide ''-ūan'' and ''-ūn'' in the masculine, whereas ''-īan'', ''-īn'', ''-ī'an'', ''-a’īn'', ''-a’īan'', ''-īca’an'', ''-’acīan'', ''-īca’n'', and ''-’acīn'' in the feminine.
-* Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America<ref name="Nichols, Peterson, 2013">Johanna Nichols, David A. Peterson. 2013. N-M Pronouns. In: Dryer, Matthew S. & Haspelmath, Martin (eds.) WALS Online (v2020.4) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13950591 (Available online at http://wals.info/chapter/137, Accessed on 2025-01-20.)</ref>; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic. Compare Diluvian ''naocar'' "the near person", ''taocar'' "the person of reference", ''yaocar'' "that person (3<sup>rd</sup>-person)", ''kaocar'' "this person", ''phaocar'' "the present person", and ''aocar'' "person".