Luthic: Difference between revisions

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* 1st person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habeo#Latin|''habeō'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰]] (''haba''), Luthic ''aggio'' (< */ajo/), Italian [[wikt:ho#Italian|''ho'']].

* 2nd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habes#Latin|''habēs'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃]] (''habais''), Luthic ''~~hais~~'', Italian [[wikt:hai#Italian|''hai'']].

* 2nd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habes#Latin|''habēs'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃]] (''habais''), Luthic ''hai'', Italian [[wikt:hai#Italian|''hai'']].

* 3rd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habet#Latin|''habet'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸]] (''habaiþ''), Luthic ''~~hâþ~~'', Italian [[wikt:ha#Italian|''ha'']].

* 3rd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habet#Latin|''habet'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸]] (''habaiþ''), Luthic ''hâ'', Italian [[wikt:ha#Italian|''ha'']].

Vowels other than [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/ä/]] are often syncopated in unstressed word-internal syllables, especially when in contact with liquid consonants:

Line 1,194:

* Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]].

In vulgar dialects where cases are fully ignored and prepositions are more used instead, it is very common to [[w:Apocope|apocope]] the last vowel (except [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]) after a sonorant ([[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/m n l r/]]) in singular forms, this feature is also very used by poets and it is often considered a poetic characteristic of Luthic:

In vulgar dialects where cases are fully ignored and prepositions are more used instead, it is very common to [[w:Apocope|apocope]] the last vowel (except [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]) after a sonorant ([[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/m n ɲ l ʎ r t͡ʃ/]]) in singular forms, this feature is also very used by poets and it is often considered a poetic characteristic of Luthic:

* Luthic ''mannu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] > ''~~mann~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃n]]].

* Luthic ''mannu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] > ''mann’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃n]]].

* Luthic ''~~hemeno~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.me.no]]] > ''~~hemen~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.~~men~~]]].

* Luthic ''virgine'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒi.ne]]] > ''virgin’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒin]]].

* Luthic ''~~virgine~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[~~ˈvir~~.~~d͡ʒi.ne~~]]] > ''~~virgin~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[~~ˈvir.d͡ʒin~~]]].

* Luthic ''duce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''duꝢ’'' ~ ''duç’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdut͡ʃ]]]

~~This is very common to happen with third-person plural verbal forms~~ and ~~infinitive verbal forms as well. Words ending~~ in -~~N.CV- may result in apocope of the consonant as well~~:

The apocoped vowel must be pointed out by an ⟨’⟩, as the accusative case was highly influenced by Gothic, leading into a full vowel elision after ⟨m, n, r, l, gl, gn⟩ and /rCV, t͡ʃE/ in all declensions, except r-stems:

* Luthic ''~~santu~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[~~ˈsan~~.tu]]] > ''~~san~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[~~ˈsan~~]]].

* Luthic ''aeternu'' NOM.SG [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛr.nu]]] > ''aetern'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛrn]]] ACC.SG.

* Luthic ''~~ambu~~'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam.bu]]] > ''am'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[~~ˈam~~]]].

* Luthic ''hamu'' NOM.SG [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.mu]]] > ''ham'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam]]] ACC.SG.

Because of this, ⟨Ꝣ ~ ç⟩ is used:

* Luthic ''luce'' NOM.SG [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''luꝢ'' ~ ''luç'' ACC.SG [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlut͡ʃ]]].

====Phonotactics====

@@ Line 1,175: / Line 1,175: @@
 * 1st person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habeo#Latin|''habeō'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰]] (''haba''), Luthic ''aggio'' (< */ajo/), Italian [[wikt:ho#Italian|''ho'']].
-* 2nd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habes#Latin|''habēs'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃]] (''habais''), Luthic ''hais'', Italian [[wikt:hai#Italian|''hai'']].
+* 2nd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habes#Latin|''habēs'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍃]] (''habais''), Luthic ''hai'', Italian [[wikt:hai#Italian|''hai'']].
-* 3rd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habet#Latin|''habet'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸]] (''habaiþ''), Luthic ''hâþ'', Italian [[wikt:ha#Italian|''ha'']].
+* 3rd person indicative present: Latin [[wikt:habet#Latin|''habet'']], Gothic [[wikt:𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸#Gothic|𐌷𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌸]] (''habaiþ''), Luthic ''hâ'', Italian [[wikt:ha#Italian|''ha'']].
 Vowels other than [[w:Open central unrounded vowel|/ä/]] are often syncopated in unstressed word-internal syllables, especially when in contact with liquid consonants:
@@ Line 1,194: / Line 1,194: @@
 * Gothic [[wikt:𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉#Gothic|𐌰𐌿𐌲𐍉]] (''augō'', stem ''augVn-'') [[wikt:AP:pron:got|[ˈɔːɣoː]]] > Luthic ''augno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈɔɲ.ɲo]]].
-In vulgar dialects where cases are fully ignored and prepositions are more used instead, it is very common to [[w:Apocope|apocope]] the last vowel (except [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]) after a sonorant ([[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/m n l r/]]) in singular forms, this feature is also very used by poets and it is often considered a poetic characteristic of Luthic:
+In vulgar dialects where cases are fully ignored and prepositions are more used instead, it is very common to [[w:Apocope|apocope]] the last vowel (except [[w:Near-open central vowel|/ɐ/]]) after a sonorant ([[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|/m n ɲ l ʎ r t͡ʃ/]]) in singular forms, this feature is also very used by poets and it is often considered a poetic characteristic of Luthic:
-* Luthic ''mannu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] > ''mann'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃n]]].
+* Luthic ''mannu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃.nu]]] > ''mann’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈmɐ̃n]]].
-* Luthic ''hemeno'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.me.no]]] > ''hemen'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈe.men]]].
+* Luthic ''virgine'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒi.ne]]] > ''virgin’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒin]]].
-* Luthic ''virgine'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒi.ne]]] > ''virgin'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈvir.d͡ʒin]]].
+* Luthic ''duce'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''duꝢ’'' ~ ''duç’'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈdut͡ʃ]]]
-This is very common to happen with third-person plural verbal forms and infinitive verbal forms as well. Words ending in -N.CV- may result in apocope of the consonant as well:
+The apocoped vowel must be pointed out by an ⟨’⟩, as the accusative case was highly influenced by Gothic, leading into a full vowel elision after ⟨m, n, r, l, gl, gn⟩ and /rCV, t͡ʃE/ in all declensions, except r-stems:
-* Luthic ''santu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsan.tu]]] > ''san'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈsan]]].
+* Luthic ''aeternu'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛr.nu]]] > ''aetern'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ɛˈtɛrn]]] <small>ACC.SG</small>.
-* Luthic ''ambu'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam.bu]]] > ''am'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam]]].
+* Luthic ''hamu'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈa.mu]]] > ''ham'' [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈam]]] <small>ACC.SG</small>.
+Because of this, ⟨Ꝣ ~ ç⟩ is used:
+* Luthic ''luce'' <small>NOM.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlu.t͡ʃe]]] > ''luꝢ'' ~ ''luç'' <small>ACC.SG</small> [[IPA for Luthic#Standard_Ravennese_Luthic|[ˈlut͡ʃ]]].
 ====Phonotactics====