Koṭärt: Difference between revisions
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³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br> | ³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br> | ||
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]<br> | ⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]<br> | ||
===Vowels=== | |||
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates long and short monophthongs, with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within umlaut and ablaut systems, see [[Koṭärt#Phonetics|Phonetics]] part for explanation. | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|- | |||
|+ Short monophthongs | |||
! colspan=1 rowspan=1 | | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Front vowel|Front]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Central vowel|Central]] | |||
! colspan=1|'''[[w:Back vowel|Back]] | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close vowel|Close]]''' | |||
| i y | |||
| (ɨ) | |||
| u | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Close-mid vowel|Close-mid]]''' | |||
| | |||
| (ɵ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Mid vowel|Mid]]''' | |||
| e̞ ø̞ | |||
| ə (ɵ̞) | |||
| o̞ | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open-mid vowel|Open]]''' | |||
| | |||
| (ɜ) | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Near-open vowel|Near-open]]''' | |||
| æ | |||
| ɐ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan=1|'''[[w:Open vowel|Open]]''' | |||
| a | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Phonetics== | ==Phonetics== | ||
Revision as of 14:42, 23 March 2025
 | This article is private. The author requests that you do not make changes to this project without approval. By all means, please help fix spelling, grammar and organisation problems, thank you. |
(This page is heavily a WIP, article on Frathwiki is coming soon too)
| Koṭärt | |
|---|---|
| Koṭärt | |
| Pronunciation | [koˈʈæɹt] |
| Created by | Hyacinth |
| Date | c. 2023-2024 |
| Setting | Paukaṣṣat
|
| Ethnicity | Ṃkṛkoṭärt, Śätst, etc. |
Kotartian (placeholder name)
| |
Early forms | Proto-Kotartian
|
Standard form | Koṭärt-Weśte Standard Academic dialect
|
Dialects |
|
Koṭärt (English: /kʰəʊtˈæɻt/; endonym: Koṭärt /koˈʈæɹt/, lyāpṣmä wë Koṭärt /ʎɑːpˈʂmæ wə koˈʈæɹt/, or Koṭärtlyap /koʈæɹˈc͡ʎ̝̊ap/) is an artificial language created by David “Hyacinth” for a conworld project. It is a most commonly spoken, literary, and academic language in the land of Lakkāl, thus it also serves as a lingua franca between various communes. It's still in development.
History
WIP
Phonology
| Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p | t | ʈ | c~k̟ʲ | k | (ʔ) |
| Nasal | m | n | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ɕ | (ɣ) | ||
| Affricate | t͡s | ʈ͡ʂ | t͡ɕ | |||
| Lateral Affricate | t͡ɬ | c͡ʎ̝̊ | ||||
| Approximant | w | ɹ | (ɻ) | j | ɰ | |
| Lateral Approximant | l | ɭ | ʎ | |||
| Flap | ɽ |
Notes:
- Certain consonants can be prolonged, and some plosives can be pronounced with no audible release at the end of words (with the following word starting with a consonant) or in the clusters in the syllable's coda.
- The pronunciation of /c~k̟ʲ/ varies, the forms [c], [k̟ʲ] and [c̠] oftenly coexist and are dependent on the speaker. Historically it derives from Old Koṭärt /kʲ/
- [ɻ] is usually an allophone of /ɹ/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
- [ɣ] is an allophone of /ɰ/ when followed by /i/ or /y/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
- /ŋ/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /n/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with Nasal release: [tⁿ].
- Glottal stop is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel to put emphasis or to avoid hiatus.
| Letter | IPA | Letter | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| p | /p/ | s | /s/ |
| t | /t/ | ṣ | /ʂ/ |
| ḳ | /c~k̟ʲ/ | ś | /ɕ/ |
| k | /k/ | ts | /t͡s/ |
| m | /m/ | c | /ʈ͡ʂ/ |
| n | /n/ | ć | /t͡ɕ/ |
| ṇ | /ɳ/ | tl | /t͡ɬ/ |
| ñ | /ɲ/ | tly | /c͡ʎ̝̊/ |
| ṃ | /ŋ/¹ | w | /w/² |
| ṛ | /ɽ/ | r | /ɹ/ |
| y | /j/³ | g | /ɰ/ |
| l | /l/ | ḷ | /ɭ/ |
| ly | /ʎ/ | wy | /jː/⁴ |
Notes:
¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization
² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs
⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]
Vowels
Vowels in Koṭärt are more complicated than consonants. It differentiates long and short monophthongs, with long vowels being phonologically different vowels than short ones. This is a because of sound changes that resulted in a vowel shift. There are also many diphthongs. The vowels operate within umlaut and ablaut systems, see Phonetics part for explanation.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i y | (ɨ) | u |
| Close-mid | (ɵ) | ||
| Mid | e̞ ø̞ | ə (ɵ̞) | o̞ |
| Open | (ɜ) | ||
| Near-open | æ | ɐ | |
| Open | a |
Phonetics
WIP
Phonotactics
WIP
Syntax
WIP
Grammar
WIP
Morphology
WIP
Orthography
WIP
Lexicon
WIP