Koṭärt: Difference between revisions

Line 79:

|

| [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]

| [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|~~t͡ʂ~~]]

| [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]

| [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]

|

Line 123:

* [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].

* [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.

* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]).

* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with [[w:Nasal release]]: [tⁿ].

* [[w:Glottal stop|Glottal stop]] is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel to put emphasis or to avoid [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]].

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ '''Romanization for Consonants'''

! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]

|-

| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/

|-

| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/

|-

| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²

|-

| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:J|j]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/

|-

| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|wy]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|jː]]‌/⁴

|-

|}

Notes:

¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization

² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs

³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs

⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]

==Phonetics==

@@ Line 79: / Line 79: @@
 |
 | [[w:Voiceless alveolar affricate|t͡s]]
-| [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|t͡ʂ]]
+| [[w:Voiceless retroflex affricate|ʈ͡ʂ]]
 | [[w:Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate|t͡ɕ]]
 |
@@ Line 123: / Line 123: @@
 * [‌[[w:Voiced retroflex approximant|ɻ]]‌] is usually an [[w:Allophone|allophone]] of /[[w:Voiced alveolar approximant|ɹ]]/ around retroflex consonants. However some speakers always pronounce /ɹ/ as [ɻ].
 * [‌[[w:Voiced velar fricative|ɣ]]‌] is an allophone of /[[w:Voiced velar approximant|ɰ]]/ when followed by /i/. /ɰ/ is a result of a sound change from Old Koṭärt to Modern Koṭärt and appears in a Koṭärt-Weśte Standard dialect, as an example.
-* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]).
+* /[[w:Voiced velar nasal|ŋ]]/ is realized variously and can also be an allophone of /[[w:Voiced alveolar nasal|n]]/. Around vowels (/Vŋ/) it is pronounced simply as a nasalized vowel ([Ṽ]), however when followed by a velar plosive it is usually pronounced as a standalone consonant with preceding vowel nasalized ([Ṽŋk]). Rarely, whenever /ŋ/ is in the consonant cluster, following /t/, it is usually realized as /t/ with [[w:Nasal release]]: [tⁿ].
 * [[w:Glottal stop|Glottal stop]] is not a phoneme in Koṭärt, but it may sometimes appear in speech, e.g. in the beginning of words which start with vowel to put emphasis or to avoid [[w:Vowel hiatus|hiatus]].
+{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
+|+ '''Romanization for Consonants'''
+! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] !! Letter !! [[w:International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
+|-
+| [[w:P|p]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|p]]‌/ || [[w:S|s]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|s]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:T|t]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṣ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʂ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḳ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c~k̟ʲ]]‌/ || [[w:Ś|ś]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɕ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:K|k]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|k]]‌/ || [[w:Ts (digraph)|ts]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡s]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:M|m]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|m]]‌/ || [[w:C|c]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʈ͡ʂ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:N|n]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|n]]‌/ || [[w:Ć|ć]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɕ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṇ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɳ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|tl]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|t͡ɬ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:Ñ|ñ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɲ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script trigraphs|tly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|c͡ʎ̝̊]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṃ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ŋ]]‌/¹ || [[w:W|w]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|w]]‌/²
+|-
+| [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ṛ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɽ]]‌/ || [[w:R|r]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɹ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:J|j]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|j]]‌/³ || [[w:G|g]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɰ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:L|l]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|l]]‌/ || [[w:Latin Extended Additional|ḷ]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ɭ]]‌/
+|-
+| [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|ly]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|ʎ]]‌/ || [[w:List of Latin-script digraphs|wy]] || /[[IPA for Koṭärt|jː]]‌/⁴
+|-
+|}
+Notes:<br>
+¹ – The ⟨ṃ⟩ represents the phonetic /ŋ/, meaning it also indicates vowel nasalization<br>
+² – ⟨u⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br>
+³ – ⟨i⟩ as a semivowel in diphthongs<br>
+⁴ – The digraph ⟨wy⟩ represents [jː], historically pronounced as [wj]<br>
 ==Phonetics==