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| Line 7,317: |
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| | [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Þetta er stórkostleg konungshöll. Farið þér, fáfróður bóndi! Aðeins virðuleg elíta í stjórnmálum, vísindum, menningu og listum hafa aðgang. Farið þér strax aftur á ömurlega bæinn ykkart. Og borgið þér skattinn, annars munu verðir útrýma fjölskyldu ykkarri. | | | [[w:Icelandic language|Icelandic]] || Þetta er stórkostleg konungshöll. Farið þér, fáfróður bóndi! Aðeins virðuleg elíta í stjórnmálum, vísindum, menningu og listum hafa aðgang. Farið þér strax aftur á ömurlega bæinn ykkart. Og borgið þér skattinn, annars munu verðir útrýma fjölskyldu ykkarri. |
| |}
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| ====Leipzig-Jakarta====
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| It is often said that the Swadesh list was put together by Morris Swadesh on the basis of his intuition, while the Leipzig-Jakarta list is based on systematic data from many different languages.
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| {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align: center;"
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| !colspan="6"|Etymological Leipzig-Jakarta
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| |-
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| ! width="20%" colspan="2"|Item
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| ! width="20%"|Luthic
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| ! width="20%"|Gothic
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| ! width="20%"|Latin
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| ! width="20%"|PIE
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| |-
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| | 1 || fire || fona “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz) || 𐍆𐍉𐌽 (fōn) “fire” (< *fōn, *funin-, related to *fōr, *fuïr-, which is found in North and West Germanic, ultimately from Proto-Germanic *fōr, *funiz ~ *fuiniz ~ *funiniz) || pūrgō < *'''pur'''agō “to purge”, from *pur + *agō, literally meaning “to do with fire; to clean with fire”. The first element is attested in Italic as Umbrian 𐌐𐌉𐌓 (pir) || *péh₂wr̥, *ph₂wéns “fire”. Two main terms for “fire” are reconstructible for PIE: *h₁n̥gʷnis and *péh₂wr̥, usually considered in semantic opposition; the first is usually masculine, refers to fire as animate and active (compare Agni, the most prominent Old Indic deity, and Latin ignis “fire”); the second is neuter and refers to fire as inanimate and passive, i.e. as a substance.
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| |-
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| | 2 || nose || nasu “nose” || *𐌽𐌰𐍃𐌰 (nasa) “nose” || nāsus “nose”, nāris “nostril” || *néh₂s, *nh₂sós “nose”
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| |-
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| | 3 || to go || ganare “to go” || *𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gān), merged with 𐌲𐌰𐌲𐌲𐌰𐌽 (gaggan) “to go” || '''hē'''rēs < *ǵʰeh₁ro- “derelict; heir” || *ǵʰeh₁- “to leave behind; to abandon; to come; to reach; to go; to walk”
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| |-
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| | 4 || water || vadne “water” || 𐍅𐌰𐍄𐍉 (watō) “water” || unda “wave” < *udnéh₂ < *udn- || *wódr̥, *udn- “water”
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| |-
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| | 5 || mouth || monþu “mouth” || 𐌼𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍃 (munþs) “mouth” || mentum “chin” || *mento- (“mouth; jaw”) < *men- “to stand out; to protrude; to project; to stick out”
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| |-
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| | 6 || tongue || tugga “tongue” || 𐍄𐌿𐌲𐌲𐍉 (tuggō) “tongue” || lingua < dinguā̆ “tongue”. Influenced by lingō “to lick” as a folk etymology; compare Old Armenian լեզու (lezu) and Lithuanian liežùvis || *dn̥ǵʰwéh₂s “tongue”
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| |-
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| | 7 || blood || saggue “blood” || 𐌴𐌹𐍃𐌰𐍂𐌽 (eisarn) “iron” (via Celtic?) || '''assar'''ātum “drink made with blood and wine”, assyr “blood”, sanguī̆s < *h₁sh₂n̥- “blood” || *h₁ésh₂r̥ “blood”
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| |-
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| | 8 || bone || beine “bone” || *𐌱𐌰𐌹𐌽 “bone” || *per'''fin'''āre < *finō “to break” || *bʰeyh₂- “to strike; to cut; to hew”
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| |-
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| | 9 || thou || þû “you” || 𐌸𐌿 (þū) “you” || tū “you” || *tíh₁, *tu- “you”
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| |-
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| | 10 || root || vaurte “root” || 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐍄𐍃 (waurts) “root” || rādīx “root” || *wréh₂diHs “root”
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| |-
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| | 11 || to come || qemare “to come” || 𐌵𐌹𐌼𐌰𐌽 (qiman) “to come” || '''ven'''īre < *gʷen < *gʷem- < *gʷm̥- “to come” || *gʷem- “to step”
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| |-
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| | 12 || breast || brostu “breast” || 𐌱𐍂𐌿𐍃𐍄𐍃 (brusts) “breast” || frū̆stum “piece; bit; crumb; morsel; scrap of food” || *bʰrews- “to break (up); to cut”
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| |-
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| | 13 || rain || pioggia “rain” || *𐍆𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌼𐍃 (flaums) “stream; flow; flood”, compare 𐍆𐌻𐍉𐌳𐌿𐍃 (flōdus) “river” for the same root < *pleh₃(w)-, often considered a lengthened *ō-grade of *plew- || pluvia “rain” || *plew- “to fly; to flow; to run”
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| |-
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| | 14 || I || ic “I” || 𐌹𐌺 (ik) “I” || egō̆ “I” || *eǵóH < *éǵ ~ *h₁eǵ(H) “I”
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| |-
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| | 15 || name || namno “name” || 𐌽𐌰𐌼𐍉 (namō) “name” || nōmen “name” || *h₃néh₃mn̥ ~ *h₃nh₃méns “name”
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| |-
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| | 16 || louse || pidocchiu “louse” || ∅ || pēdis “louse” || *pesdis < *pesd- “annoying insect?”. Ultimately IE, cognates include: Avestan 𐬞𐬀𐬰𐬛𐬎- (pazdu-) “beetle; maggot” and Sanskrit पेदु- (pedú-) “proper noun of a man, protected by the Asvins, by whom he was presented with white snake-killing honey”, पैद्व (paidvá-) “the snake-killing horse of Pedu; an insect harming horses”
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| |-
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| | 17 || wing || ala “wing” || *𐌰𐌷𐍃𐌻𐌰 (ahsla) “shoulder” || āla “wing” || *h₂eḱs(i)leh₂ < *h₂eḱs- “axle; axis”
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| | 18 || meat || carne “meat” || *𐍃𐌺𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (s'''kai'''ran) “to shear” || carō “meat” || *(s)ker- “to cut off; to server; to separate; to divide”
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| |-
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| | 19 || arm || bracchio “arm” || *𐌼𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌲𐌿𐍃 (maurgus) “short” || bracchium “arm” || *mréǵʰus < *mreǵʰ- “short; brief”
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| |-
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| | 20 || fly || þliugno “fly” || *𐌸𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐍉 (þliugō) “fly” || plūma “feather; plume” || *plewk- “to fly; to flow; to run”
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| |-
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| | 21 || night || nattu “night” || 𐌽𐌰𐌷𐍄𐍃 (nahts) “night” || nōx “night” || *nókʷts “night”
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| |-
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| | 22 || ear || orecchia “ear” || 𐌰𐌿𐍃𐍉 (ausō) “ear” || auris “ear” || *h₂ṓws, *h₂éwsos “ear”
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| |-
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| | 23 || neck || collo “neck” || 𐌷𐌰𐌻𐍃 (hals) “neck” || collum “neck” || *kʷolso- < *kʷel- “to turn (end-over-end)”
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| |-
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| | 24 || far || fairra “far” || 𐍆𐌰𐌹𐍂𐍂𐌰 (fairra) “far” || per “through(out); via” || *pernóy < *per- “before; in front; first”
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| |-
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| | 25 || to do/make || taugiare “to do/make” || 𐍄𐌰𐌿𐌾𐌰𐌽 (taujan) “to do/make” || ∅ || *dewh₂- “to fit”. Ultimately IE, cognates include: Tocharian B tsu- “to cohere; to adhere; to contain” and Ancient Greek δύναμαι (dúnamai) “to be able; to can”
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| |-
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| | 26 || house || huso “house” || *𐌷𐌿𐍃 (hūs) “house” < *(s)kuHsóm || scūtum “shield” < *(s)kuHtóm || *(s)kewH- “to cover; to protect”
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| |-
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| | 27 || stone || staenu “stone” || 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (stains) “stone” < *steyh₂- || stāre “to stand” < *steh₂- || *steh₂- “to stand”
| |
| |-
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| | 28 || bitter || baetru “bitter” || 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍄𐍂𐍃 (baitrs) “bitter” < *bʰoydrós || fissus “split; cloven” < *bʰidtós || *bʰeyd- “to split”
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| | 29 || to say || rogiare “to say” || 𐍂𐍉𐌳𐌾𐌰𐌽 (rōdjan) “to speak; to talk” < *h₂reh₁dʰ- < *h₂réh₁dʰh₁eti || rērī “to reckon” < *h₂reh₁yéti || *h₂reh₁- “to think; to reason”
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| |-
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| | 30 || tooth || dente “tooth” || 𐍄𐌿𐌽𐌸𐌿𐍃 (tunþus) “tooth” || dēns “tooth” || *h₃dónts “tooth”
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| |-
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| | 31 || hair || taglio “hair” || 𐍄𐌰𐌲𐌻 (tagl) “hair” || dolāre “to hew; to chop” || *delh₁- “to split”. Uncertain and debatable.
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| |-
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| | 32 || big || mêchelu “big” || 𐌼𐌹𐌺𐌹𐌻𐍃 (mikils) “great; large; big” < *méǵh₂los || magnus “great; large; big” < *m̥ǵh₂nós || *méǵh₂s (*m̥ǵh₂-) “big; great”
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| | 33 || one || aenu “one” || 𐌰𐌹𐌽𐍃 (ains) “one” || ūnus “one” || *h₁óynos “one”
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| | 34 || who || qu “who” || 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas) “who; what” || quis “who” || *kʷís, *kʷós “who”
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| | 35 || he, she, it|| is, ia, atha “he, she, it” || 𐌹𐍃, 𐍃𐌹, 𐌹𐍄𐌰 (is, si, ita) “he, she, it” || is, ea, id “he, she, it” || *h₁e, *ih₂, *id “he, she, it”
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| |-
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| | 36 || to hit || biegguare “to hit” || 𐌱𐌻𐌹𐌲𐌲𐍅𐌰𐌽 (bliggwan) “to beat; to scourge; to cut; to kill” || ∅ || *mléwe- < *mlew- “weak?”. Ultimately Indo-European, related to Ancient Greek ἀμβλύς (amblús) “blunt; dim; faint” and Avestan 𐬨𐬭𐬎𐬙𐬀 (mruta) “crushed; weak”, also related to Old Norse blauðr (soft; meek; coward(ly)).
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| | 37 || foot || piê “foot” || 𐍆𐍉𐍄𐌿𐍃 (fōtus) “foot” || pēs “foot” || *pṓds, *ped- “foot”
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| | 38 || horn || haurno “horn” || 𐌷𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌽 (haurn) “horn” || cornū “horn” || *ḱr̥h₂nós < *ḱer(h₂)- “horn”
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| | 39 || this || su, sa, þatha “this” || 𐍃𐌰, 𐍃𐍉, 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (sa, sō, þata) “this” || sī “if” < *sey (an innovated thematic locative singular) <br >tum “then” < *tóm, accusative of *só <br >iste, ista, istud “that” < *h₁e(s)- + *só|| *só, *séh₂, *tód “this; that”
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| | 40 || fish || fescu “fish” || 𐍆𐌹𐍃𐌺𐍃 (fisks) “fish” < *piskós || piscis “fish” < *piskís || *peysk- “fish”
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| | 41 || yesterday || gestradagu “yesterday” || 𐌲𐌹𐍃𐍄𐍂𐌰𐌳𐌰𐌲𐌹𐍃 (gistradagis) “tomorrow” || hesternus “yesterday’s” < *dʰǵʰyésteros <br >febris < *dʰegʷʰris || *dʰǵʰyés “yesterday” <br >*dʰegʷʰ- “to burn; hot; warm”
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| | 42 || to drink || dregcare “to drink” || 𐌳𐍂𐌹𐌲𐌺𐌰𐌽 (drigkan) “to drink” || ∅ || *dʰrénǵ- “to draw into one's mouth; sip; gulp” < *dʰreǵ- “to draw; glide”
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| | 43 || black || neru “black” || 𐌽𐌰𐌵𐌰𐌸𐍃 (naqaþs) “naked” <sup><small>relation is uncertain</small></sup> || niger “black” <sup><small>of obscure origin</small></sup> || *negʷ- “bare; naked” <sup><small>uncertain</small></sup>
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| | 44 || navel || navalano “navel” || *𐌽𐌰𐌱𐌰𐌻𐌰 (nabala) “navel” || '''umbil'''īcus “navel” (< *h₃m̥bʰél- < *h₃n̥bʰél-), suffixed with -īcus || *h₃nóbʰōl “navel”
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| | 45 || to stand || stare “to stand” || 𐍃𐍄𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌰𐌽 (standan) “to stand” (< *sth₂nédʰh₁ti) || stare “to stand; stay” (< *sth₂éh₁yeti) || *steh₂- “to stand (up)”
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| | 46 || to bite || beidare “to bite” || 𐌱𐌴𐌹𐍄𐌰𐌽 (beitan) “to bite” (< *bʰéyde-) || findere “to split” (*bʰind-) || *bʰeyd- “to split”
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| | 47 || back || dorso “back” || akin to 𐍅𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽𐍃 (waurþans, past participle) < 𐍅𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌸𐌰𐌽 (wairþan) “to become” || dorsum “back” (< dē- + vorsum, accusative form of vorsus, archaic form of versus) || *wértti < *wert- “to turn, rotate”
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| | 48 || wind || vendu “wind” || 𐍅𐌹𐌽𐌳𐍃 (winds) “wind” || ventus “wind” || *h₂wéh₁n̥tos, thematic of *h₂wéh₁n̥ts “blowing; wind; air”, participle of *h₂wḗh₁ti “to blow”, from *h₂weh₁- “to blow”
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| | 49 || smoke || fumu “smoke” || 𐌳𐌰𐌿𐌽𐍃 (dauns) “scent; smell” (< *dʰowh₂n-) || fūmus “smoke” (earlier *θūmos < *dʰuh₂mós “smoke”) || *dʰewh₂- “smoke; mist; haze”
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| | 50 || what || ce “what” || 𐍈𐌰𐍃 (ƕas) “who; what” (< *kʷós) || quis “who; what; why” || *kʷís “who; what; which; that” < *kʷ-
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| | 51 || child || bambinu “child (kin)” (onomatopoeic) <br> <br> bauro “(any) child” (reanalised as a neuter o-stem) || ∅ <br> <br> 𐌱𐌰𐌿𐍂 (baur) “child; son” (i-stem participle of 𐌱𐌰𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 (bairan) “to bear; carry; give birth”) || ∅ <br> <br> akin to ferre “to bear; carry” || ∅ <br> <br> *bʰéreti “to bear, carry” < *bʰer- “id.”
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| | 52 || to give || gevare “to give” || 𐌲𐌹𐌱𐌰𐌽 (giban) “to give” || ∅ || *gʰébʰeti “to give; move” < *gʰebʰ- “id.”
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| | 53 || new || nuovu “new” || 𐌽𐌹𐌿𐌾𐌹𐍃 (niujis) “new” (< *néwyos) || novus “new” (< *néwos) || *new- “new” < vṛddhi derivation from *nu “now”
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| | 54 || to burn || bruciare “to burn”, br- is probably Germanic, maybe from *brōaną “to warm; singe; brew”, the second element is probably from ustulāre “to burn”, ultimately from ūrere “to burn” || ∅ || ustulāre “to burn” || *bʰróh₁e- < *bʰreh₁- “to singe” <br> *h₁ews- “to burn”
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| | 55 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 56 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 57 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 58 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 59 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 60 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 61 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 62 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 63 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 64 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 65 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 66 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 67 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 68 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 69 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 70 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 71 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 72 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 73 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 74 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 75 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 76 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 77 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 78 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 79 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 80 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 81 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 82 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 83 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 84 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 85 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 86 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 87 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 88 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 89 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 90 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 91 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 92 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 93 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 94 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 95 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 96 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
| |
| | 97 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 98 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 99 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |-
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| | 100 || || “” || “” || “” || “”
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| |} | | |} |
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