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| | ''-sinler'' || ''Gelsinler''||"Let them come" | | | ''-sinler'' || ''Gelsinler''||"Let them come" |
| |} | | |} |
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| ===Copula===
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| The copula in Turkish appears in only two variants―''*imek'', a defective verb often attached to the noun, and ''olmek'', which is a detached regular auxiliary verb.
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| ''*Imek'', derived from the ancient verb ''er-'' [[#Lewis]] [VIII,2], survives in Turkish only in the inferential past, perfective, and conditional:
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| *''imiş'',
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| *''idi'',
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| *''ise''.
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| The form ''iken'' given under [[#Adverbs from verbs]] is also descended from ''er-''.
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| Since no more bases are founded on the stem ''i-'', this verb can be called defective. In particular, ''i-'' forms no negative or impotential stems; negation is achieved with the [[#Adverb of negation]], ''değil'', given earlier.
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| The ''i-'' bases are often turned into base-forming suffixes without change in meaning; the corresponding suffixes are
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| *''-(y)miş'',
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| *''-(y)di'',
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| *''-(y)se'',
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| where the ''y'' is used only after vowels. For example, ''Hasta imiş'' and ''Hastaymış'' both mean, "Apparently/Reportedly, he/she/it is ill".
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| The verb ''i-'' serves as a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]]. When a copula is needed, but the appropriate base in ''i-'' does not exist, then the corresponding base in ''ol-'' is used; when used otherwise this stem means "become". ''Idir'', a variant of ''imek'', is used for emphasis.
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| The verb ''i-'' is irregular in the way it is used in questions: the particle ''mi'' always precedes it:
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| :''Kuş idi'' or ''Kuştu'' "It was a bird";
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| :''Kuş muydu?'' "Was it a bird?"
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| ===Compound bases===<!-- This section is linked from [[Grammatical mood]] --> | | ===Compound bases===<!-- This section is linked from [[Grammatical mood]] --> |