Tũka: Difference between revisions

Line 41:

|-

! Close

| i || u || iː || uː

| i || u || iː ⟨ie⟩|| uː ⟨ou⟩

|-

! Open

| a || || aː ||

| a || || aː ⟨ah⟩||

|}

===Prosody===

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|-

! Dual

| ''-inh'' || ''-kaho'' || ''-~~kīn~~''

| ''-inh'' || ''-kaho'' || ''-kien''

|-

! Plural

Line 106:

Inflection-wise, grammatical gender only affects adjectives. Particles, nouns or agglutinative case suffixes do not change form based on grammatical gender.

====Animacy====

For non-human things with no clear gender(yes, including animals, grammatical gender in Tũka does not necessarily correspond with sex), the genders '''inanimate''' or '''animate''' are used. Although inanimate and animate technically only mean things that do or do not move naturally, animacy in Tũka is mostly used to refer to alive or dead things, with the animacy of the adjective sometimes semantically affecting the word, e.g. ''lumũ ~~tāt~~''(lit. ''inanimate leaf'') means "autumn leaf", as autumn leaves are usually categorised by their yellow-orange colour that signifies death.

For non-human things with no clear gender(yes, including animals, grammatical gender in Tũka does not necessarily correspond with sex), the genders '''inanimate''' or '''animate''' are used. Although inanimate and animate technically only mean things that do or do not move naturally, animacy in Tũka is mostly used to refer to alive or dead things, with the animacy of the adjective sometimes semantically affecting the word, e.g. ''lumũ taht''(lit. ''inanimate leaf'') means "autumn leaf", as autumn leaves are usually categorised by their yellow-orange colour that signifies death.

===Number===

Unlike in English, where only singular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used.

Unlike in English, where only singular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ie'' is used.

{| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"

|+ Tũka grammatical number particles

Line 125:

|-

! Absolutive

| ''ī'' || ''ã'' || ''lu''

| ''ie'' || ''ã'' || ''lu''

|}

====Examples====

: ''I lã ī tũka in sikuĩ.''

: ''I lã ie tũka in sikuĩ.''

: {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} {{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}} {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} Tũka {{sc|pres}} speak-{{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}}.

: I speak (the) Tũka (language).

@@ Line 41: / Line 41: @@
 |-
 ! Close
-| i || u || iː || uː
+| i || u || iː ⟨ie⟩|| uː ⟨ou⟩
 |-
 ! Open
-| a || || aː ||
+| a || || aː ⟨ah⟩||
 |}
 ===Prosody===
@@ Line 96: / Line 96: @@
 |-
 ! Dual
-| ''-inh'' || ''-kaho'' || ''-kīn''
+| ''-inh'' || ''-kaho'' || ''-kien''
 |-
 ! Plural
@@ Line 106: / Line 106: @@
 Inflection-wise, grammatical gender only affects adjectives. Particles, nouns or agglutinative case suffixes do not change form based on grammatical gender.
 ====Animacy====
-For non-human things with no clear gender(yes, including animals, grammatical gender in Tũka does not necessarily correspond with sex), the genders '''inanimate''' or '''animate''' are used. Although inanimate and animate technically only mean things that do or do not move naturally, animacy in Tũka is mostly used to refer to alive or dead things, with the animacy of the adjective sometimes semantically affecting the word, e.g. ''lumũ tāt''(lit. ''inanimate leaf'') means "autumn leaf", as autumn leaves are usually categorised by their yellow-orange colour that signifies death.
+For non-human things with no clear gender(yes, including animals, grammatical gender in Tũka does not necessarily correspond with sex), the genders '''inanimate''' or '''animate''' are used. Although inanimate and animate technically only mean things that do or do not move naturally, animacy in Tũka is mostly used to refer to alive or dead things, with the animacy of the adjective sometimes semantically affecting the word, e.g. ''lumũ taht''(lit. ''inanimate leaf'') means "autumn leaf", as autumn leaves are usually categorised by their yellow-orange colour that signifies death.
 ===Number===
-Unlike in English, where only singular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ī'' is used.
+Unlike in English, where only singular and plural declensions exist, Tũka uses three declensions: '''singular''', '''dual''' and '''plural''', in this case "plural" meaning three or more of an item, and all words have to be distinguished by a number particle, such as ''i tũka''("Tũka language"), lit. {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}}, though ''i'' is only in nominative. In accusative, ''u'' is used and in absolutive ''ie'' is used.
 {| class=wikitable style="text-align: center;"
 |+ Tũka grammatical number particles
@@ Line 125: / Line 125: @@
 |-
 ! Absolutive
-| ''ī'' || ''ã'' || ''lu''
+| ''ie'' || ''ã'' || ''lu''
 |}
 ====Examples====
-: ''I lã ī tũka in sikuĩ.''
+: ''I lã ie tũka in sikuĩ.''
 : {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|nom}} {{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}} {{sc|sg}}.{{sc|abs}} Tũka {{sc|pres}} speak-{{sc|1}}.{{sc|sg}}.
 : I speak (the) Tũka (language).