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Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | Everish '''Eveireg''' {{IPA|/eˈvei̯ɾeɡ/}} is a a Brittonic Celtic tongue spoken in parts of Galicia and Asturias. | ||
==Sound Changes== | |||
===Consonant Mutations=== | |||
As with all modern Celtic languages, Everish makes extensive use of initial consonant mutations to help signal grammatical and syntactic information. Cumbraek has three main mutations: '''lenis''' (''međol''), '''spirant''' (''cravol'') and '''nasal''' (''truinol''). There is a fourth type of mutation called '''aspiration''' (''huizol'') in which word-initial vowels take an ''h'-'' before them. | |||
The changes caused by the mutations are summarised in the following table. | |||
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Radical | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Lenition | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Spirantisation | |||
! style="width: 90px; " |Nasalisation | |||
|- | |||
| ''p'' /p/ | |||
| ''b'' /b/ | |||
| ''f'' /f/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''t'' /t/ | |||
| ''d'' /d/ | |||
| ''z'' /θ/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''c'' /k/ | |||
| ''g'' /g/ | |||
| ''h'' /h/ | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''b'' /b/ | |||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
| ''m'' /m/ | |||
|- | |||
| ''d'' /d/ | |||
| ''đ'' /ð/ | |||
| | |||
| ''n'' /n/ | |||
|- | |||
| ''g'' /ɡ/ | |||
| ''h / w / -'' | |||
| | |||
| ''ng'' /ŋ/ | |||
|- | |||
| ''y'' /j/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |||
| ''m'' /m/ | |||
| ''v'' /v/ | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|} | |||
Lenited ''g'' disappears before a consonant, becomes ''w'' before words in ''go-, gu-, goo-'' and becomes ''h-'' before other vowels, e.g. ''gre'' "flock" → ''i re'' "his flock", ''gur'' "man, husband" → ''i wur'' "his husband", ''geryadour'' "dictionary" → ''i heryadour'' "his dictionary". | |||
Examples: | |||
* Lenition: ''i benn'' "his head", ''de dat'' "your dad", ''i gi'' "his dog", ''er vanon'' "the lady", ''du Dhin Edin'' "to Edinburgh", ''war hat'' "on a road", ''i wrek'' "his wife", ''a vamm!'' "mum!". | |||
* Spirantisation: ''i fenn'' "her head", ''tri that'' "three dads", ''teyr chath'' "three cats". | |||
* Nasalisation: ''naw manon'' "nine ladies", ''in Nin Edin'' "in Edinburgh", ''mu ngat'' "my road" | |||
* Aspiration: ''i h'ewidir'' "her uncle", ''an h'oungorn'' "our unicorn". | |||