Proto-Tungric: Difference between revisions

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Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed:

#'''Class 1:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-i-''. It has two subclasses:

#:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ô'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"

#:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ēō'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"

#:'''b.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wih'''taz'' "conquered"

#'''Class 2:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-u-'' which changes to ''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled"

#'''Class 3:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-a-'', ''-e-'', or ''-i-'' that becomes ''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done"

#'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''~~skaf~~'''~~taz~~'' "scratched"

#'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skab'''adaz'' "scratched"

#'''Class 5:''' The past stem has the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk"

#Class 6: The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*þragō'' "I drag" > ''*þrahsai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged"

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# A ''j''-suffix. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives.

#An nasal infix. This does not affect the verb's endings, but affects the present stem. Such verbs are called nasal presents.

#A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively~~, and they~~ conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present forms. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê-''.

#A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively. They conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present forms. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê-''.

The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel. If there is one, it is usually ''-a-'' (or ''-i-'' in the case of ''j''-presents.

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 Strong verbs can be put into classes depending on how the past stem is formed:
 #'''Class 1:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-i-''. It has two subclasses:
-#:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ô'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"
+#:'''a.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ai-'' — e.g. ''*'''wit'''ēō'' "I see" > ''*'''wait'''ai'' "I saw", ''*'''wis'''saz'' "seen"
 #:'''b.''' The past stem is formed by changing the stem vowel to ''-ī-'' — e.g. ''*'''winh'''ō'' "I conquer" > ''*'''wīh'''ai'' "I conquered", ''*'''wih'''taz'' "conquered"
 #'''Class 2:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-u-'' which changes to ''-au-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''buk'''jō'' "I flee" > ''*'''bauk'''ai'' "I fled", ''*'''buk'''adaz'' "fled"
 #'''Class 3:''' This class has a present stem vowel of ''-a-'', ''-e-'', or ''-i-'' that becomes ''-ē-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''dah'''jō'' "I do" > ''*'''dēh'''ai'' "I did", ''*'''dah'''taz'' "done"
-#'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skaf'''taz'' "scratched"
+#'''Class 4:''' This class has a present stem vowel ''-a-'' that becomes ''-ō-'' in the past stem — e.g. ''*'''skab'''ō'' "I scratch" > ''*'''skōb'''ai'' "I scratched", ''*'''skab'''adaz'' "scratched"
 #'''Class 5:''' The past stem has the same stem vowel as the present stem — e.g. ''*'''fip'''ō'' "I drink" > ''*'''fip'''ai'' "I drank", ''*'''fip'''adaz'' "drunk"
 #<b>Class 6:</b> The past stem is derived from the present stem by adding ''-s-'' — e.g. ''*<b>þrag</b>ō'' "I drag" > ''*<b>þrahs</b>ai'' "I dragged", ''*'''þrah'''taz'' "dragged"
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 # A ''j''-suffix. Such verbs are said to be ''j''-presents, and may be light or heavy. This affects the present tense suffixes in much the same way as it does in nouns and adjectives.
 #An nasal infix. This does not affect the verb's endings, but affects the present stem. Such verbs are called nasal presents.
-#A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively, and they conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present forms. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê-''.
+#A vowel suffix (usually ''-ō-'' or ''-ē-''). Such verbs are called ''ō''-presents or ''ē''-presents respectively. They conjugate similarly to class 2 or 3 weak verbs respectively in the present forms. There is also the exceptional verb ''*stêsi'' which has the suffix ''-ê-''.
 The past participle of strong verbs is formed with the suffix ''-þaz'' which, depending on the verb, may become ''-taz'', ''-daz'', or ''-saz''. There may or may not be a connector vowel. If there is one, it is usually ''-a-'' (or ''-i-'' in the case of ''j''-presents.