Netagin: Difference between revisions
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==Vocabulary== | ==Vocabulary== | ||
===Verbs of motion=== | ===Verbs of motion=== | ||
Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination, either away from or towards the speaker. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion. | Netagin does not have exact equivalents for the English verbs "go", "carry", or "bring". Netagin motion verbs vary along two dimensions: one dimension is the method or direction of transport and one dimension is the telicity of the verb. Unidirectional, or telic, motion verbs express one-time motion towards a destination, either away from or towards the speaker. Multidirectional, or atelic, verbs express undirected motion, repeated directed motion, or back-and-forth motion. The directionality is usually expressed by binyan change, but is sometimes expressed through suppletion. Note that some intransitive-transitive syncretism occurs, but this isn't an issue as verbs themselves have intransitive and transitive conjugations. | ||
go vs. come in atelic? | go vs. come in atelic? | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Meaning !! Telic, "go" !! Telic, "come" !! Atelic | ! Meaning !! Telic, "go" !! Telic, "come" !! Atelic, "go" || Atelic, "come" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go by foot, to walk | | to go by foot, to walk | ||
| ''mir'' (Binyan 1) || ''mur'' (Binyan 2) || ''vaććol'' (Binyan 6) | | ''mir'' (Binyan 1) || ''mur'' (Binyan 2) || ''vaććol'' (Binyan 6) || ''văćaćol'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go with a land vehicle<small> | | to go with a land vehicle<small> | ||
| ''daluk'' (Binyan 1) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''qydalok'' (Binyan 3) | | ''daluk'' (Binyan 1) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''qydalok'' (Binyan 3) || ''dălalok'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to ride, to mount <small>(trans.)</small> | | to ride, to mount <small>(trans.)</small> | ||
| ''qapcea'' (Binyan 3) || ''qyppacea'' (Binyan 5) || ''pecea'' (Binyan 1) | | ''qapcea'' (Binyan 3) || ''qyppacea'' (Binyan 5) || ''pecea'' (Binyan 1) || ''păcacea'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go in | | to go in | ||
| ''xapuŋ'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) | | ''xapuŋ'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''xăpapoŋ'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings) | | to go out; to rise (of heavenly bodies and other inanimate beings) | ||
| ''paduś'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapdoś'' (Binyan 2) || ''paddoś'' (Binyan 6) | | ''paduś'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapdoś'' (Binyan 2) || ''paddoś'' (Binyan 6) || ''pădadoś'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation) | | to set (of heavenly bodies)<br/>to fall (of precipitation) | ||
| ''śabud'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaśbod'' (Binyan 2) || ''śabbod'' (Binyan 6) | | ''śabud'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaśbod'' (Binyan 2) || ''śabbod'' (Binyan 6) || ''śibabod'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to run | | to run | ||
| ''ŋiź'' (Binyan 1) || ''ŋuź'' (Binyan 2) || ''ŋavvoź'' (Binyan 6) | | ''ŋiź'' (Binyan 1) || ''ŋuź'' (Binyan 2) || ''ŋavvoź'' (Binyan 6) || ''ŋăvavoź'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to swim | | to swim | ||
| ''nehab'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanhob'' (Binyan 2) || ''nahob'' (Binyan 6) | | ''nehab'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanhob'' (Binyan 2) || ''nahob'' (Binyan 6) || ''năhahob'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to fly | | to fly | ||
| ''kall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''kallol'' (Binyan 6) | | ''kall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''kallol'' (Binyan 6) || ''kaslol'' (Binyan 8) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row | | to float on water<br/>to go with a small boat, to row | ||
| ''qivvahat'' (Binyan 5) || ''qavhot'' (Binyan 2) || ''qyvahot'' (Binyan 3) | | ''qivvahat'' (Binyan 5) || ''qavhot'' (Binyan 2) || ''qyvahot'' (Binyan 3) || ''văhahot'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to flow (of a fluid or current) | | to flow (of a fluid or current) | ||
| ''behal'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabhol'' (Binyan 2) || ''bahol'' (Binyan 6) | | ''behal'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabhol'' (Binyan 2) || ''bahol'' (Binyan 6) || ''băhahot'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to roll | | to roll | ||
| ''mall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qamoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''mallol'' (Binyan 6) | | ''mall'' (Binyan 1) || ''qamoll'' (Binyan 2) || ''mallol'' (Binyan 6) || ''maslol'' (Binyan 8) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to climb | | to climb | ||
| ''ďaxeć'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaďxoć'' (Binyan 2) || ''ďaxxoć'' (Binyan 6) | | ''ďaxeć'' (Binyan 1) || ''qaďxoć'' (Binyan 2) || ''ďaxxoć'' (Binyan 6) || ''ďăxaxoc'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to jump | | to jump | ||
| ''bacc'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabocc'' (Binyan 2) || ''baccoc'' (Binyan 6) | | ''bacc'' (Binyan 1) || ''qabocc'' (Binyan 2) || ''baccoc'' (Binyan 6) || ''bascoc'' (Binyan 8) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to crawl | | to crawl | ||
| ''zir'' (Binyan 1) || ''zur'' (Binyan 2) || ''zarzor'' (Binyan 6) | | ''zir'' (Binyan 1) || ''zur'' (Binyan 2) || ''zarzor'' (Binyan 6) || ''zăvavor'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates) | | to fall (of animates)<br/>to go down (of inanimates) | ||
| ''namea'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanmea'' (Binyan 2) || ''nammea'' (Binyan 6) | | ''namea'' (Binyan 1) || ''qanmea'' (Binyan 2) || ''nammea'' (Binyan 6) || ''nămamea'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to dive, go into water | | to dive, go into water | ||
| ''sadea'' (Binyan 2) || ''qasdea'' (Binyan 2) || ''saddea'' (Binyan 6) | | ''sadea'' (Binyan 2) || ''qasdea'' (Binyan 2) || ''saddea'' (Binyan 6) || ''sădadea'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to carry, bring (on foot) | | to carry, bring (on foot) | ||
| ''ŋapsoŋ'' (Binyan 4) || ''qapsoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''passoŋ'' (Binyan 6) | | ''ŋapsoŋ'' (Binyan 4) || ''qapsoŋ'' (Binyan 2) || ''passoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''păsasoŋ'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small> | | to carry, bring (using a vehicle) <small>(trans.)</small> | ||
| ''qiddalok'' (Binyan 6) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''dallok'' (Binyan 6) | | ''qiddalok'' (Binyan 6) || ''qadlok'' (Binyan 2) || ''dallok'' (Binyan 6) || ''dălalok'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to carry, bring in | | to carry, bring in | ||
| ''ŋaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''qyxxapoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) | | ''ŋaxpoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''qyxxapoŋ'' (Binyan 5) || ''xappoŋ'' (Binyan 6) || ''xăpapoŋ'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to carry, bring out | | to carry, bring out | ||
| ''ŋapdoś'' (Binyan 4) || ''qyppadoś'' (Binyan 5) || ''paddoś'' (Binyan 6) | | ''ŋapdoś'' (Binyan 4) || ''qyppadoś'' (Binyan 5) || ''paddoś'' (Binyan 6) || ''pădadoś'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small> | | to pull, drag <small>(trans.)</small> | ||
| ''kaćol'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakćol'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykaćol'' (Binyan 3) | | ''kaćol'' (Binyan 1) || ''qakćol'' (Binyan 2) || ''qykaćol'' (Binyan 3) || ''kăćacol'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|- | |- | ||
| to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead | | to drive (an animal or a vehicle), lead | ||
| ''paťor'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapťor'' (Binyan 2) || ''paťťor'' (Binyan 6) | | ''paťor'' (Binyan 1) || ''qapťor'' (Binyan 2) || ''paťťor'' (Binyan 6) || ''păťaťor'' (Binyan 10) | ||
|} | |} | ||