Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions

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* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪͡s̪ˑʰ t͡ʃˑʰ kˑʰ].

* Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native.

* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.

* ''n l'' is alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r'').

* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.

* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.

* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects.

* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.

* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'.

* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.

* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c̦] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞].

* /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/.

@@ Line 165: / Line 165: @@
 * Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪&#865;s̪ˑʰ t&#865;ʃˑʰ kˑʰ].
 * Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native.
+* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
+* ''n l'' is alveolar unless they assimilate (e.g. in the case of n before ''t d s'') or retroflex (when following ''r'').
+* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.
 * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt&#865;sʰ rt&#865;s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ&#865;ʂʰ ʈ&#865;ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill.
 * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects.
-* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''.
 * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר&#1523;עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t&#865;ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר&#1523;י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c&#x326;i'' /t&#865;ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'.
-* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/.
 * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ&#798;] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c&#x326;] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞].
 * /n/ assimilates to [ŋ] before /k kʰ/.