Verse:Irta/Judeo-Mandarin: Difference between revisions
m th to h change; calquing "gut yom tov" |
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!<small>tenuis/lenis</small> | !<small>tenuis/lenis</small> | ||
| '''b''' {{IPA|p}} | | '''b''' {{IPA|p}} | ||
| '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪ | | '''d''' {{IPA|t̪}} || '''z''' {{IPA|t̪͡s̪}} | ||
| '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}} | | '''ģ''' {{IPA|tʃ}} | ||
| '''g''' {{IPA|k}} | | '''g''' {{IPA|k}} | ||
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!<small>aspirated/fortis</small> | !<small>aspirated/fortis</small> | ||
| '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} | | '''p''' {{IPA|pʰ}} | ||
| '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪ | | '''t''' {{IPA|t̪ʰ}} || '''ț''' {{IPA|t̪͡s̪ʰ}} | ||
| '''c̦''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}} | | '''c̦''' {{IPA|tʃʰ}} | ||
| '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}} | | '''c''' {{IPA|kʰ}} | ||
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Notes | Notes | ||
* Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪ | * Aspirated stops are as strongly aspirated as in Mandarin and are also slightly lengthened when not initial: [pˑʰ t̪ˑʰ t̪͡s̪ˑʰ t͡ʃˑʰ kˑʰ]. | ||
* Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native. | * Unaspirated stops can only be voiced after vowels; voicing initial unaspirated stops sounds non-native. | ||
* ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt | * ''r'' is most commonly an alveolar or retroflex approximant (more like Hiberno-English r than American r). The sequences /rn rl rtʰ rt⁼ rt͡sʰ rt͡s⁼ rs/ are realized as retroflex [ɳ ʈʰ ʈ⁼ ʈ͡ʂʰ ʈ͡ʂ ʂ], even across word boundaries: נאַך אפֿשר לעט ''nach efșăr led'' [naχ efʃə ɭet] 'can't you?' It may also be a flap or trill. | ||
* In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | * In most modern accents ''ŗ'' /ʒ/ is postalveolar and merges with ''ș'' when devoiced. It is pronounced as Czech ''ř'' (devoiced after voiceless fricatives and aspirated stops) in conservative dialects and merges with ''ș'' or becomes a sound similar to Spanish ''y'' in ''yendo'' in some dialects. | ||
* /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''. | * /tʃ tʃʰ ʃ/ may be alveolopalatal like Mandarin ''j q x''. | ||
* Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t | * Stop + fricative clusters are distinct from affricates: some minimal pairs are דר׳עבאר ''dŗevăr'' /tʃevər/ 'sister' and זשעבאר ''ģevăr'' /t͡ʃevər/ 'winter'; תּר׳י ''tŗi'' /tʰʃɪ/ '3' and צשי ''c̦i'' /t͡ʃʰɪ/ 'at her'. | ||
* ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | * ''t d s'' are dental and may be slightly velarized. In some dialects ''t'' may be a fricative /θ/. | ||
* /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c̦] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞]. | * /h/ is always pronounced clearly. It is usually [h~ɦ], but is [ħ̞] (weak [ħ]) before or after /a/ and [c̦] before /i/. Word-finally it is always [ħ̞]. | ||