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{{Construction}}
{{Construction}}


'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushar'' or ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  
'''Sceptrian''' (''batop lushan'' /bätəp luʃä/ or simply ''lusha'') is an ''a priori'' language created for the fantasy world Akekata by [[User:Juhhmi|juhhmi]].  


==History==
==History==


'''Lore:''' Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With its 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages.
'''Lore:''' Sceptrian language, named after the Sceptre peninsula, derives from Lutian language used in the Empire of Western Sceptre. With 12 million native speakers, Sceptrians outnumber those speaking [[Khattish]] and Guddean, the other two main West-Herookuan languages.


'''Actual:''' I weren't sure how to continue with [[Aoma]] (except for translations which I haven't been interested in) so I decided to begin creating a new language based on my scribbles. Remarkably, there is no script yet(!), but I'll be deriving it from the ancient Templar (or Jauhmö) of Aoma after I have created some basic vocabulary and considered of the older language (again, I began from the wrong direction) to add depth. I promise that one day I'll have a good proto-language first, realistic daughter languages second, scripts third and modern languages fourth...  
'''Actual:''' I weren't sure how to continue with [[Aoma]] (except for translations which I haven't been interested in) so I decided to begin creating a new language based on my scribbles. Remarkably, the script was created after the phonology had been decided. I promise that one day I'll have a good proto-language first, realistic daughter languages second, scripts third and modern languages fourth...  


'''Problems:''' As mentioned above, I'm still too lazy to create a proto-language...
'''Problems:''' As mentioned above, I'm still too lazy to create a proto-language...
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Sceptrian utilizes [[w:Fusional_language|fusional]] [[w:Inflection|inflections]] and has an [[w:Ergative–absolutive_language|absolutive-ergative]] [[w:Morphosyntactic_alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]. The language is rather [[w:Head-directionality_parameter|head-initial]] and its primary [[w:Word_order|word order]] is verb-agent-object.
Sceptrian utilizes [[w:Fusional_language|fusional]] [[w:Inflection|inflections]] and has an [[w:Ergative–absolutive_language|absolutive-ergative]] [[w:Morphosyntactic_alignment|morphosyntactic alignment]]. The language is rather [[w:Head-directionality_parameter|head-initial]] and its primary [[w:Word_order|word order]] is verb-agent-object.


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Scetprian features 32 consonants, some of with interesting lateral features, twelve vowels with long versions and four diphthongs.


===Consonants===
===Consonants===
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|  
|  
|   
|   
| '''kl gl'''<br />/kˡ/ /gˡ/
| '''kl gl'''<br/>/kˡ/ /gˡ/
|  
| '''ql'''<br/>/qˡ/
|   
|   
|-
|-
! rowspan="3" |Fricative
! rowspan="3" |Fricative
!Voiceless
!Voiceless
| '''ph''' /ɸ/
| ph /ɸ/
| '''f'''
| '''f'''
| '''th''' /θ/
| '''th''' /θ/
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| '''sh''' /ʃ/
| '''sh''' /ʃ/
| '''h''' /ç/
| '''h''' /ç/
| '''h''' /x/
| '''kh h''' /x/
| '''qh''' /χ/
| '''qh''' /χ/
| '''h'''
| '''h'''
|-
|-
!Voiced
!Voiced
| '''w bh''' /β/
| '''w''' bh /β/
| '''v'''
| '''v'''
| '''dh''' /ð/
| '''dh''' /ð/
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|-
|-
! colspan="2" |Trill
! colspan="2" |Trill
| 'pr /ʙ/
| pr /ʙ/
|  
|  
|  
|  
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*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/
*In eastern dialects, ''pr'' is realized as /ʙ/


Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/.
Letter ''h'' has three allophones: /x/ appears word-finally, /ç/ with front vowels and /h/ with back vowels ''tihtóhnah'' /tiçtɔhnäx/ (assassinator). It's also used after consonants to indicate breathy voice.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
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! style="" |Close-mid
! style="" |Close-mid
| '''e'''<br/>e
| '''e'''<br/>e
| '''o'''<br/>ɘ
| o<br/>ɘ
| '''o'''<br/>ɤ
| o<br/>ɤ
|-
|-
! style="" |Mid
! style="" |Mid
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**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/.
**Close vowels (u, o, ó and i) are always nasalized between two nasals and all vowels after short ng: ''mónge'' /mɔ̃ŋẽ/, but nasalization does not occur with open vowels and long ńg: ''nańge'' /näŋ:e/.
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''oŕ'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''aŕ'' /är/.
*Rhotacization: ''or'' /ɚ/, ''oŕ'' /ər/ or /r/, ''ar'' /ä˞/, ''aŕ'' /är/.
**Nasalization does not occur with rhoticization.
**Nasalization does not occur simultaneously with rhoticization, except in Faanish dialect (near the border of Negovia): ''karon'' → ''karn'' /kæ̃˞/


====Consonant form====
====Consonant form====
Combining sounds
Combining sounds
*Lateralization
*Lateralization
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'''Full'''
'''Full'''
*First:  
*First:  
**e→é, o→ó, a→æ, u→i
**e→é, o→ø, a→æ, u→i
**ai→ei, ou→oi
**ai→ei, ou→oi
*Second:  
*Second:  
**e→ee, o→ø, a→aa, u→uu
**e→ee, o→ó, a→aa, u→uu
**ai→ii, ou→óo
**ai→ii, ou→óo


'''Partial'''
'''Partial'''
*When root contains vowels ''é, ó, i, æ'' or diphthongs ''ei, oi'', the apophony is only partial: ''luwidh, luwidh, luwuudh''
*When root contains vowels ''é, ó, i, æ'' or diphthongs ''ei, oi'', the apophony is only partial: ''luwidh, luwidh, luwuudh''
*With ''ø'' and long vowels, all forms are the same.
*With ''ø'' and long vowels, all forms are usually the same. Formal register uses ''ée'' as the second apophony of ''ee''.


===Phonotactics===
===Phonotactics===
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**It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending).  
**It is possible to use liquids and approximants as '''glides''' (CLV) between the onset and the rime (ending).  
**Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'', ''fkos'', ''ksaru''. Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma''. Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/.
**Up to two consonants with same voicing may appear in the onset (CCV), especially fricative-plosive combinations, but never two plosives: ''stak'', ''fkos'', ''ksaru''. Affricate ''ts'' takes may be accompanied only by ''w'', ''j'', ''n'' or ''m'': ''tsma''. Combination /sl/ has turned into /ɬ/.
**Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Faanish dialect (near the border of Negovia).
**Lateralization and aspiration may never appear together, and nasalized rhoticization is only found in Faanish dialect.
*'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables.  
*'''Nucleus''' can be either a vowel or a liquid, thus CVC and CLC are also possible syllables.  
**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word.  
**Vowels (diphthongs included) may exist as a stand-alone nucleic syllable (V), mostly in the beginning or at the end of a word.  
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**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. Voiced fricatives rarely appear as coda.  
**Approximants ''j'', ''w'' and plain voiced plosives never appear as coda (final) even though they may be written that way: ''nad'' /nät/. Voiced fricatives rarely appear as coda.  
**In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/
**In coda, plosives with lateral release, however, will reflect the voicing of the onset: ''gatl'' /gädˡl̩/ vs. ''katl'' /kätˡl̩/
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are.  
*Closed syllables, i.e. those ending in coda, are not as common word-medially as open syllables (ending in nucleus) are. When words are inflected, codas tend to become onsets of the following syllable, if possible.
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/
**Voicing status must be the same for consonants touching at syllable boundaries and the voiced one reduces into voiceless: ''katba'' /kätpä/ vs. ''kat ba'' /kät<sup>(h)</sup> bä/


===Stress===
===Stress===


Primary stress in a word is on the second syllable unless it contains the schwa ''o'' or is preceded by a syllable with a syllabic consonant.  
Primary stress in a word is most often on the second syllable, and when there are four or five syllables, secondary stress is placed onto the final syllable. When there are more syllables, stress is placed on even-numbered syllables.
*If the to-be-stressed syllable contains the schwa ''o'', the preceding syllable is stressed in two-syllable words and the following in words with more than three syllables.
**Syllable with nuclear ''o'' is only stressed when it comes second and the preceding syllables has also ''o'' as nucleus. Then it appears as /ɘ/.
*A syllable with a long vowel, the closing diphthong or a syllabic consonant is always stressed and steals the stress from neighboring syllables. This also moves the secondary stress from fourth to


Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic base): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑt.äˑn/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑ.tˡeˑ/
Inflected and affixed word forms have the same stress as the base word (even monosyllabic body): ''gat'' → ''gatan'' /ˈgɑˑ.tän/, ''gatle'' /ˈgɑˑ.tˡe/


Interrogatives are formed by changing the stress onto the first syllable.
Interrogatives are formed by changing the primary stress onto the first syllable. This is indicated with ¿.




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===Script===  
===Script===  
[[File:Sceptrian.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Script from the early sixth era. Notice that the vowel form info-box romanization should have "o" instead of "a".]]
[[File:Sceptrian.jpg|500px|thumb|right|Script from the early sixth era. Notice that the vowel form info-box romanization should have "o" instead of "a".]]
The Sceptrian script was derived from the ancient temple marks as were the Aoman and Northern (Latin) ones.
The Sceptrian script was derived from the ancient temple marks as were the Aoman and Northern (Latin) scripts.


Diacritics on vowels mark different [[Sceptrian#Sounds|sounds]].
Diacritics on vowels mark different [[Sceptrian#Sounds|sounds]].
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*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.  
*Similarly letter ''n'' can appear syllable-finally with nasalization but ''ń'' always as /n/: ''an'' /ã/ vs. ''ań'' /an/.  
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''.
*With ''ng'' /ŋ/, the accent signals lengthening ''eńge'' /eŋ:e/ or ''eŋŋe''.
*Labialization of plosives is indicated by PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'').
*Labialization of plosives is indicated by PuV (V is any vowel except ''u'') or with ''w''.


====Old====
====Old====
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{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
{|  border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+ '''Pronoun inflection'''
|+ '''Personal pronoun inflection'''
|-
|-
! Case !! 1SG !! 1PL !! 2SG !! 2PL !! 2SG.POL !! 2PL.POL  !! 3SG.Ab !! 3SG.An !! 3PL.A !! 3SG.In !! 3PL.In
! Case !! 1SG !! 1PL !! 2SG !! 2PL !! 2SG.POL !! 2PL.POL  !! 3SG.Ab !! 3SG.An !! 3PL.A !! 3SG.In !! 3PL.In
|-
|-
!ABS   
!ABS   
| na || mo || fo || po || Nith || With  || tha || su || slo || hi || kwo
| na || mo || fo || po || Nith || With  || tha || su || slo || hi || klo
|-
|-
!ERG
!ERG
| næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kwoslo
| næ || moslo || fø || poslo || Nithe || Widhes || thaa || suu || sloslo || hii || kloslo
|-
|-
!DAT
!DAT
| nai || mokli || foki || pokli || Nithki || Withkli || thai || swi || slokli  || hiki|| kwokli
| nai || mokli || foki || pokli || Nithki || Withkli || thai || swi || slokli  || hiki|| klokli
|-
|-
!POS
!POS
| nar || moŕ || for || poŕ || Nithor || Withoŕ || thar || sur || sloŕ  || hir || kwoŕ
| nar || moŕ || for || poŕ || Nithor || Withoŕ || thar || sur || sloŕ  || hir || kloŕ
|-
|-
!COM
!COM
| nas || mosh || fos || posh || Nithos || Withosh || thas || sus || slosh || his || kwosh
| nas || mosh || fos || posh || Nithos || Withosh || thas || sus || slosh || his || klosh
|-
|-
!CAU
!CAU
| nape || moplo || fope || poplo || Nitti || Witti || thape || supe || sloplo || hipi || kwoplo
| nape || moplo || fope || poplo || Nitti || Witti || thape || supe || sloplo || hipi || kloplo
|}
|}


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Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
Self-pronoun ''ru'' for '''reflexive''' and '''reciprocal''': ''tesosón ru'' (they are watching themself), ''ónlatepón ruu'' (he is dancing by himself, alone) vs. ''ónlatepón su'' (he is dancing with him); ''sónkephón (they are washing each other) vs. ''sónkephón sloslo slo/soutu'' (they are washing them)
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)
*reflexive is easier with others: ''anlatepan'' (I'm dancing by myself); ''ankepan'' (I'm washing myself) vs. ''ankep'' ("I'm washing..."), ''kepan'' (I'm being washed)
====Demonstrative====
See the [[Sceptrian#Table_of_correlatives|table of correlatives]].
{|border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg"
|+Demonstrative pronoun inflection
|-
!colspan="2"| Case
!rowspan="2"| Proximal
!rowspan="2"| Distal
|-
!SG !! PL !! SG !! PL
|-
!ABS
|ka || kla || ko || klo
|-
!ERG
|kaa || klaa || kó || kló
|-
!DAT
|kai ||klai || koi || kloi
|-
!POS
|kan ||klang || kon || klong
|-
!COM
|kas || klash || kos || klosh
|-
!CAU
|kap || klapa || kop ||klopo
|-


===Adjectives===
===Adjectives===


Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after.  
Adjectives in Sceptrian agree with the gender, number and cases of their head. When an adjective is used as a predicative, it comes before its head, but when as an attributive, it comes after. Adjective declension follows approximately the same rules as noun declension. Changes include mirroring onset into coda: ''notlu luwidh'''ulk''''' (at beautiful objects)


Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender: ''eja luwuudh, doth luwidh, tes luwidh''
Vowel change is used to indicate the gender, base for inanimate, first apophony with animate and second apophony with abstract gender: ''eja luwuudh, doth luwidh, tes luwidh''


Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with following affixes:
Polite adjectives are formed from the abstract form with predicative prefix ''nga'' and attributive suffix ''æ''
*predicative
* attributive


===Adverbs===
===Adverbs===
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|-
|-
!colspan="2"| Determiner
!colspan="2"| Determiner
| sho || ka<br />kwa || ko<br />kwo ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
| sho || ka<br />kla || ko<br />klo ||  ||  ||  ||  ||  
|-
|-
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun
!rowspan="5"| Pronoun
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*Irregularities‽
*Irregularities‽


Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitesóstan
Reflexive with double conjugation: ''aitesosai


'''The following system is under development!'''  
'''The following system is under development!'''  
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*collection:
*collection:
*being, person, creature:  
*being, person, creature:  
**doer, agent:
**doer, agent:
**experiencer, patient:
**origin:  
**origin:  
**characteristic: kauneus-->kaunotar
*diminutive:
*diminutive:
*augmentative:
*augmentative:
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*''keslan'' blood
*''keslan'' blood
*''luva'' pleasure
*''luva'' pleasure
*''luwi'' beauty
*''mel'' water
*''mel'' water
*''not'' object
*''pof'' feather
*''pof'' feather
*''su'' it/he?
*''su'' it/he?
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