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| Witcanese is a [[Verse:Tricin/Txapoalli|Txapoalli]]an language loosely inspired by Quechua.
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| ==Phonology==
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| ===Consonants===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style=" text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''Consonants'''
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="width: 136px; "|
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Labial
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| ! style="width: 136px; " |Alveolar
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Palatal
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Velar
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Uvular
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| ! style="width: 68px; " |Glottal
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Nasal
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| | '''m''' /m/
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| | '''n''' /n/
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| | [ŋ]
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| | [ɴ]
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="" |Plosive
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| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''p''' /p/
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| | '''t''' /t/
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| | '''k''' /k/
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| | '''q''' /q/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''b''' /b/
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| | '''d''' /d/
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| | '''g''' /g/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''ph''' /pʰ/
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| | '''th''' /tʰ/
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| | '''kh''' /kʰ/
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| | '''qh''' /qʰ/
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Fricative
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| | '''s''' /s/
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| | '''sh''' /ʃ/
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| | '''h''' /h/
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| |-
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| ! rowspan="3" style="" |Affricate
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| ! |<small>tenuis</small>
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| | '''ts''' /ts/
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| | '''c''' /tʃ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>voiced</small>
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| | '''j''' /dʒ/
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| |-
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| ! |<small>aspirated</small>
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| | '''tsh''' /tsʰ/
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| | '''ch''' /tʃʰ/
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| ! colspan="2" style="" |Approximant
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| | '''l''' /l/, '''r''' /r/
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| | '''y''' /j/
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| | '''w''' /w/
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| |}
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| Initial /l r/ are disallowed.
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|
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| ===Vowels===
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| {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
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| |+ '''{{PAGENAME}} vowels'''
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| |-
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| ! style="width: 60px; "|
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Front
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Central
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| ! style="width: 60px; " |Back
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Close
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| | '''i''' /i/
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| | '''u''' /u/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Mid
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| | '''e''' /e/
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| | '''o''' /o/
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| |-
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| ! style="" |Open
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| | '''a''' /a/
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| |}
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|
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| ;Notes
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| */e, o/ are mid [e̞, o̞].
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| */a/ is central [ä].
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|
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| ===Phonation===
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| {{PAGENAME}} has 4 phonations:
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| *modal, transcribed '''a''',
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| *creaky or tense, transcribed '''á''',
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| *breathy, transcribed '''à''',
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| *nasal, transcribed '''ã'''.
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| ==Grammar==
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| ====Nouns====
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 440px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="5"| '''Noun Declension'''
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| |-
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| !scope="row" width="110px"|Number→<br/>Case↓
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Singular
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| !colspan="2" width="165px" scope="col"|Plural
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Absolutive
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| |colspan="2"|''-0''
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| |colspan="2"|''-e'', ''-u''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Ergative
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| |colspan="2"|''-ih''
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| |colspan="2"|''-yih''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Dative
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| |colspan="2"|''-ap''
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| |colspan="2"|''-yap''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Locative
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| |colspan="2"|''-hem''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ihem'', ''-yhem''
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| !scope="row"|Ablative
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| |colspan="2"|''-chay''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ichay'', ''-ychay''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Comitative
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| |colspan="2"|''-yã''
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| |colspan="2"|''-iyã'', ''-yã''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Instrumental
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| |colspan="2"|''-run''
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| |colspan="2"|''-irun'', ''-yrun''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Essive
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| |colspan="2"|''-hòg''
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| |colspan="2"|''-ihòg'', ''-yhòg''
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| |-
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| !scope="row"|Genitive
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| |colspan="4"|''-t-'' (with Suffixaufnahme)
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| |-
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| |}
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|
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| ====Verbs====
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| Verbs in Witcanese have no tense or aspect inflection; instead, there is evidentiality and mood which can do double duty as certain tenses. The irrealis is the default, unmarked mood/evidentiality, serving the role of imperative, infinitive or future.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
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| |-
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| ! colspan="2"| '''Witcanese mood/evidentiality affixes'''
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| |-
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| ! width="110px"|irrealis
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| | width="165px"|''-Ø''
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| |-
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| !|witness
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| |''-chè''
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| |-
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| !|emphatic
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| |''-kòd''
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| |-
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| !|quotative
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| |''-sha''
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| |-
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| !|mirative
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| |''-quh''
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| |-
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| !|hearsay
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| |''-ot''
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| |-
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| !|inferential
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| |''-eq''
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| |-
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| !|assumptive
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| |''-rwè''
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| |-
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| !|optative
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| |''-mes''
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| !|cohortative
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| |''-wõ''
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| !|potential
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| |''-hiw''
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| !|desiderative
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| |''-pãs''
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| !|admonitive
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| |''-ay''
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| |-
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| !|permissive
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| |''-hyè''
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| |}
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| :''Phátu noko'''chè'''...''
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| ::''Where did I last see it... (lit. When it was_located-I saw...)''
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| The mirative marks new information that the speaker is witnessing. It often corresponds to present tense. In narratives it is used to exhort the listener for attention.
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| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''quh'''.''
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| ::''Hey, the demon's chasing the dog!/Behold, the demon chased the dog.''
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| The quotative is used for information from third-party sources deemed to be authoritative. As such it is the evidential most often encountered in narratives.
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| :''Qayòlih milám huga'''sha'''.''
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| ::''The demon chased the dog. (narrative)''
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| The admonitive is used in prohibitions and warnings, and for negative purpose clauses.
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| :''Phi qhashãs'''ay'''''
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| ::''Do not wander around''
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| :''ha ãpè mòsip'''ay'''''
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| ::''lest this be forgotten''
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| Witcanese makes use of verbal affixes, instead of intonation (like English) or word order (as in some European languages and Celtic/Hebrew/[[Talmic languages|Talmic]]), in order to focus a constituent.
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| {| class="greentable lightgreenbg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 275px; text-align: center;"
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| ! colspan="2"| '''Focus prefixes'''
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| ! width="110px"|absolutive
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| | width="165px"|''ne-''
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| !|ergative
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| |''hin-''
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| |-
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| !|beneficiary
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| |''mac-''
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| !|instrument
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| |''qo-''
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| |-
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| !|location
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| |''ya-''
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| !|source
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| |''hòt-''
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| !|goal
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| |''up-''
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| |-
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| !|time
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| |''al-''
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| |}
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| Verbs can also have a pluractional form (suffix ''-itcu''), which is mandatory with the antipassive voice.
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| [[Category:Tricin]]
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