Verse:Mwail/Erno-Kawenic languages: Difference between revisions

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'''Verthanic''' (''hə taŋʷas vərθanak'' /hə ˈtaŋʷas vəɾˈθanak/; from *berxtolandākā, lit. Brightlandic) is a Celtic language spoken in Verthan (''vərθan''), located in North Africa. It was an important vehicle for transmitting A-Arabic loans to English. It is inspired by Lushootseed and Welsh.


''xʷilid'' = cat (from Latin)
''vārəy ðax'' = good morning
tl > θ, CeCe- -> CəCi- (kenetlom → čədiθ 'trend')
əyn, ðəw, trī, kʷətur, kʷiʔč, wəks, šəxt, uxt, daw, ðəč
bakʷ = son; hə makʷ = the son
bərk = daughter; hə mərk (no mut) = the daughter
Sdābt hə həysk viw id uðənč = The living fish swims in water
gemination → preglottalization
Chain shifts:
mm, mb > m > b > v
nn, nd > n > d > ð
ng > ŋ, g > x, gʷ > xʷ, w- > gʷ-, y- > dz-
e o > ə, ke ge → tʃə dʒə
vowels: i u ə a iː uː aː aj aw əj əw
==Morphology==
===Nouns===
nasal mutation of v > b > m, ð > d > n, x > ŋ
Genders: common (no mut) and neuter (nasal mut)
Plural: ''-s'' or ''-əs'', no gender distinction
''hə'' (from *sindos) is ''hən'' before vowels
===Verbs===
present tense: ''sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər'' (1sg, 2sg, 3, 1pl, 2pl, imps)
past tense: get split-ergativity with past participle: ''sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər'' 'I swam, ...' (these forms agree with the subject but nouns take ergative marking with the ergative particle ''am'' from *ambi)
future tense (formed by reduplicating present): ''də-sdāb-u, də-sdāb-s, də-sdāb-t, də-sdāb-əbs, də-sdāb-sxʷi, də-sdāb-tər''
the old 3rd person singular is used with both singular and plural (plurality is marked on the subject)
Conjugation classes:
*verbs from o/e verbs: more irregularities here
**sdāb-u, sdāb-s, sdāb-t, sdāb-əbs, sdāb-sxʷi, sdāb-tər
**sdāb-təw, sdāb-tis, sdāb-tit, sdāb-tibs, sdāb-taysxʷi, sdāb-taytər
*a-verbs (from PCel *-āti)
**''bāraw, bāras, bārat, bārabs, bārāsxʷi, bārātər'' 'to enlarge'
**''bāra-təw, bāra-tis, bāra-tit, bāra-tibs, bāra-taysxʷi, bāra-taytər
*i-verbs (from PCel *-yeti, *-īti)
**''liʔkʷəw, liʔkʷis, liʔkʷit, liʔkʷibs, liʔkʷīsxʷi, liʔkʷītər'' 'to leave'
**''liʔkʷi-təw, liʔkʷi-tis, liʔkʷi-tit, liʔkʷi-tibs, liʔkʷi-taysxʷi, liʔkʷi-taytər''
{{IE}}
[[Category:Celtic languages]]

Revision as of 02:01, 6 February 2022

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