Aoma: Difference between revisions

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====Dependent====

Subordinating conjunctions have disappeared due to complex word order, and coordinating conjunctions can mostly replace them~~. Verb infinites or subjunctives are used as well~~.

Subordinating conjunctions have disappeared due to complex word order, and coordinating conjunctions can mostly replace them.

~~Similarly to English, some noun~~ clauses ~~do not require the introductory word: ''Tolin nii zu cuxu.'' (I saw she was there.), ''Ejoin manit kyxu.'' (I heard (/was told) she had been here.)~~

=====Noun clauses=====

*Pronouns are used to clarify relations: ''cu'' (that) refers to the former and ''cy'' (this) to the latter: ''Nisi Roody i Saahy cuxu. Tolai cu bebi cy i bebi i.'' (Roody and Saahy were there. Former saw that latter left and left as well.)

~~Adverbial~~ clauses ~~can be expressed either with coordinating conjunctions, or with conjugated verb infinites or gerunds in temporal or with prepositions:~~

Similarly to English, simple noun clauses do not require the introductory word: ''Tolin nii zu cuxu.'' (I saw (that) she was there.), ''Ejoin manit kyxu.'' (I heard (/was told that) she had been here.)

*GER-TEMP: ''~~Nii~~ cuxu~~, ba'efimmix~~.'' (~~"She~~ was there, ~~in the act of laughing~~.~~" When she~~ was ~~there,~~ she ~~laughed~~.)

*Demonstrative pronouns are used to clarify relations: ''cu'' (that) refers to the former and ''cy'' (this) to the latter: ''Nisi Roody i Saahy cuxu. Tolai cu bebi cy i bebi i.'' (Roody and Saahy were there. Former saw that latter left and left as well.)

*~~PREP + GER (+POS)~~: ''~~Soling kyxu~~(ee) ~~nal benimir~~ (~~närir~~) cuxu.'' (~~"I came here after being~~ there.")

~~Indirect speech~~:

Different forms:

*~~Subjunctive is used in reported, questionable information~~:

*For present and future: PRESP(-ACC): ''Tolan gesepik '''lettepoke'''.'' ("I see a walking animal." I see that an animal walks.)

**''~~Pii totolai amys~~.'' (He ~~said~~ he ~~saw a lion~~.)

**Subject being the same, reflexive pronouns are used: ''Pi ys lettepoke nalax.'' ("He says himself walking tomorrow." He says that he'll walk tomorrow.)

*~~If it~~'~~s doubted by the speaker, eventive may be used~~:

*For preceding events (compare [[w:Accusative and infinitive|ACI]]): SBJ.ACC + ''ju''+INF(Ia/IIIa)/ ''ma''+INF(IIa/IIII)/ ''je''+INF(Ib/IIb/IIIb): ''Ejoin '''mamenna zus''' gehixu.'' (I heard been her at home." I heard that she had been at home.)

**''~~Pii totollalai ungarifo.~~'' (~~He said he saw a flight of yules~~.)

*For passive forms: PPP: ''Leshei dutiik '''dannanax''''' ("You knew the book been read." You knew that the book had been read.)

Interrogative (indirect questions):

'''Interrogative''' (indirect questions):

*Corresponding to actual [[Aoma#Interrogative|questions]], but with verb in subjunctive.

*Corresponding to actual [[Aoma#Interrogative|questions]], but with verb in subjunctive: ''Sön lehes zax '''be'''bebosi.'' (I don't know when they left.)

**''Sön lehes zax '''be'''bebosi.'' (I don't know when they left.)

=====Adverbial clauses=====

Clauses behaving as adverbs can be created either with coordinating conjunctions, or with conjugated verb infinites or gerunds in temporal/locative or with prepositions:

*To indicate "when/while": INF-TEMP: ''Efi lettex.'' ("She laughed during walk." She laughed while walking.)

**Also with longer GER-TEMP: ''Leti ba'efimmix.'' ("She walked during the the act of laughing." i.e. She walked while laughing.)

*To indicate "after" in the future: INF-TEMP-DAT: ''Soleran mennaxaee ketyxu.'' (I'll come after being in the town.)

**Also with PREP + GER (+POS): ''Soling nal benimir (närir) cuxu.'' (I came after being there.)

**Compare past "having done something": ''Soling '''mamennaxaee''' wat kosikee kelarikee.'' (I came having been inside the red building.)

*For "since": PST-INF-GEN.TEMP: ''Jetelun gesepek joshek mamennangx ny puure.'' (I've had many animals since I was a young boy.)

*Indicating "where": GER-LOC (+POS): ''Niso özore baferammixu ör.'' (They are sad where they live.)

=====Indirect speech=====

Subjunctive is used in reported, questionable information:

*''Pii totolai uu amys.'' (She said she saw a lion with her own eyes.)

*If it's doubted by the speaker, eventive may be used: ''Pii totollalai yy ungarifo.'' (He said he saw a flight of yules with his own eyes.)

====Relative====

@@ Line 1,390: / Line 1,390: @@
 ====Dependent====
-Subordinating conjunctions have disappeared due to complex word order, and coordinating conjunctions can mostly replace them. Verb infinites or subjunctives are used as well.
+Subordinating conjunctions have disappeared due to complex word order, and coordinating conjunctions can mostly replace them.
-Similarly to English, some noun clauses do not require the introductory word: ''Tolin nii zu cuxu.'' (I saw she was there.), ''Ejoin manit kyxu.'' (I heard (/was told) she had been here.)
+=====Noun clauses=====
-*Pronouns are used to clarify relations: ''cu'' (that) refers to the former and ''cy'' (this) to the latter: ''Nisi Roody i Saahy cuxu. Tolai cu bebi cy i bebi i.'' (Roody and Saahy were there. Former saw that latter left and left as well.)
-Adverbial clauses can be expressed either with coordinating conjunctions, or with conjugated verb infinites or gerunds in temporal or with prepositions:
+Similarly to English, simple noun clauses do not require the introductory word: ''Tolin nii zu cuxu.'' (I saw (that) she was there.), ''Ejoin manit kyxu.'' (I heard (/was told that) she had been here.)
-*GER-TEMP: ''Nii cuxu, ba'efimmix.'' ("She was there, in the act of laughing." When she was there, she laughed.)
+*Demonstrative pronouns are used to clarify relations: ''cu'' (that) refers to the former and ''cy'' (this) to the latter: ''Nisi Roody i Saahy cuxu. Tolai cu bebi cy i bebi i.'' (Roody and Saahy were there. Former saw that latter left and left as well.)
-*PREP + GER (+POS): ''Soling kyxu(ee) nal benimir (närir) cuxu.'' ("I came here after being there.")
-Indirect speech:
+Different forms:
-*Subjunctive is used in reported, questionable information:
+*For present and future: PRESP(-ACC): ''Tolan gesepik '''lettepoke'''.'' ("I see a walking animal." I see that an animal walks.)
-**''Pii totolai amys.'' (He said he saw a lion.)
+**Subject being the same, reflexive pronouns are used: ''Pi ys lettepoke nalax.'' ("He says himself walking tomorrow." He says that he'll walk tomorrow.)
-*If it's doubted by the speaker, eventive may be used:
+*For preceding events (compare [[w:Accusative and infinitive|ACI]]): SBJ.ACC + ''ju''+INF(Ia/IIIa)/ ''ma''+INF(IIa/IIII)/ ''je''+INF(Ib/IIb/IIIb): ''Ejoin '''mamenna zus''' gehixu.'' (I heard been her at home." I heard that she had been at home.)
-**''Pii totollalai ungarifo.'' (He said he saw a flight of yules.)
+*For passive forms: PPP: ''Leshei dutiik '''dannanax''''' ("You knew the book been read." You knew that the book had been read.)
-Interrogative (indirect questions):
+'''Interrogative''' (indirect questions):
-*Corresponding to actual [[Aoma#Interrogative|questions]], but with verb in subjunctive.
+*Corresponding to actual [[Aoma#Interrogative|questions]], but with verb in subjunctive: ''Sön lehes zax '''be'''bebosi.'' (I don't know when they left.)
-**''Sön lehes zax '''be'''bebosi.'' (I don't know when they left.)
+=====Adverbial clauses=====
+Clauses behaving as adverbs can be created either with coordinating conjunctions, or with conjugated verb infinites or gerunds in temporal/locative or with prepositions:
+*To indicate "when/while": INF-TEMP: ''Efi lettex.'' ("She laughed during walk." She laughed while walking.)
+**Also with longer GER-TEMP: ''Leti ba'efimmix.'' ("She walked during the the act of laughing." i.e. She walked while laughing.)
+*To indicate "after" in the future: INF-TEMP-DAT: ''Soleran mennaxaee ketyxu.'' (I'll come after being in the town.)
+**Also with PREP + GER (+POS): ''Soling nal benimir (närir) cuxu.'' (I came after being there.)
+**Compare past "having done something": ''Soling '''mamennaxaee''' wat kosikee kelarikee.'' (I came having been inside the red building.)
+*For "since": PST-INF-GEN.TEMP: ''Jetelun gesepek joshek mamennangx ny puure.'' (I've had many animals since I was a young boy.)
+*Indicating "where": GER-LOC (+POS): ''Niso özore baferammixu ör.'' (They are sad where they live.)
+=====Indirect speech=====
+Subjunctive is used in reported, questionable information:
+*''Pii totolai uu amys.'' (She said she saw a lion with her own eyes.)
+*If it's doubted by the speaker, eventive may be used: ''Pii totollalai yy ungarifo.'' (He said he saw a flight of yules with his own eyes.)
 ====Relative====