|
|
| Line 2,062: |
Line 2,062: |
| *'''The verb ''gangen'' "to go" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S past indicative, past participle | | *'''The verb ''gangen'' "to go" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S past indicative, past participle |
| *'''The verb ''wisen'' "to be" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S present indicative, 1S past indicative, 1S past subjunctive, past participle | | *'''The verb ''wisen'' "to be" and derived verbs:''' infinitive, 1S present indicative, 1S past indicative, 1S past subjunctive, past participle |
| ====Tenses, aspects, moods====
| |
| *'''Simple present:''' present indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sähve</b> þuk.'' "I '''see''' you."
| |
| **'''Subjunctive:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sähve</b> þuk, <b>afgange</b>.'' "If I '''see''' you, I '''will leave'''."
| |
| *'''Simple past:''' past indicative - e.g. ''Ik <b>sahv</b> þuk.'' "I '''saw''' you."
| |
| **'''Subjunctive:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Jabe ik <b>sehje</b> þuk, <b>afingje</b>.'' "If I '''had seen''' you, I '''would have left'''."
| |
| *'''Jussive/hortative:''' present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Afgange</b>.'' "I '''should leave'''."
| |
| *'''Imperative:''' imperative - e.g. ''<b>Afgang</b>!'' "'''Leave'''!"
| |
| **'''Negative:''' ''ne'' + present subjunctive - e.g. ''<b>Ne afganges</b>!'' "'''Don't leave'''!"
| |
| *'''Present/past continuous:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + present participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangendes</b>.'' "I '''am leaving'''."
| |
| *'''Present/past perfect:'''
| |
| **'''Intransitive verbs of motion/change of state:''' present/past of ''wisen'' "to be" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''<b>Im afgangenes</b>.'' "I '''have left'''."
| |
| **'''Other verbs:''' present/past of ''haben'' "to have" + past participle (agrees with direct object) - e.g. ''<b>Habe</b> þuk <b>sähvenes</b>.'' "I '''have seen''' you."
| |
| *'''Future:''' present of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>mag</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''will see''' you."
| |
| <!--
| |
| *'''Present conditional:'''
| |
| **'''Simple:''' past subjunctive - e.g. ''Ik <b>sehje</b> þuk.'' "I '''would see''' you."
| |
| **'''Compound:''' present subjunctive of ''magen'' + infinitive - e.g. ''Ik <b>magje</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would see''' you."
| |
| *'''Past conditional:''' past subjunctive of perfect auxiliary (''wisen/haben'') + past participle (agrees with subject/direct object) - e.g. ''Ik <b>sie</b> þuk <b>sähven</b>.'' "I '''would have seen''' you."
| |
| -->
| |
| ====Voice====
| |
| *'''Active:''' Basic form - e.g. ''Ik <b>sähve</b> þuk.'' "I '''see''' you."
| |
| *'''Middle:''' Use object pronouns for first and second persons, and the middle pronoun for third person - e.g. ''Þou <b>sähves þuk</b>.'' "You '''are visible'''."
| |
| *'''Passive:''' There are two kinds of passive.
| |
| **'''General passive''': appropriate form of ''wisen'' "to be" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''Þou <b>wast</b> sähvenes.'' "You '''were seen'''."
| |
| **'''Inchoative passive''' (refers to beginning of state): appropriate form of ''wärþen'' "to become" + past participle (agrees with subject) - e.g. ''Þou <b>warst</b> sähvenes.'' "You '''were sighted'''."
| |
| *'''Reflexive:''' Use reflexive pronouns - e.g. ''Ik sähve <b>(mi)silben</b>.'' "I see '''myself'''."
| |
| *'''Reciprocal:''' Use the reciprocal pronoun ''hvarjander'' "each other" (in the appropriate case) - e.g. ''Jous sähvets <b>hvarjander</b>.'' "You see <b>each other</b>."
| |
|
| |
|
| ====Non-finite forms==== | | ====Non-finite forms==== |
| *'''Infinitive''' | | *'''Infinitive''' |
| *'''Present participle:''' Acts as an adjective, equivalent to English ''-ing''. When nominalized, can function as an agent noun - e.g. ''gangende'' "one who goes/is going; goer". | | *'''Present participle:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-nd''. Acts as an adjective, equivalent to English ''-ing''. When nominalized, can function as an agent noun - e.g. ''gangende'' "one who goes/is going; goer". |
| *'''Past participle:''' Acts as an adjective. Passive for transitive verbs, and active for intransitive verbs. When nominalized, can function as a patient noun for transitive verbs - e.g. ''itene'' "that which is eaten; food". Nominalized intransitive past participles form perfect agent nouns - e.g. ''gangene'' "one who has gone". | | *'''Past participle:''' Acts as an adjective. Passive for transitive verbs, and active for intransitive verbs. When nominalized, can function as a patient noun for transitive verbs - e.g. ''itene'' "that which is eaten; food". Nominalized intransitive past participles form perfect agent nouns - e.g. ''gangene'' "one who has gone". |
| *'''Agent noun:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-rj''. Similar in meaning to nominalized present participle, but refers to a more permanent state - e.g. ''bakerj'' "baker (i.e. someone whose profession is baking)" vs ''bakende'' "one who bakes/is baking (i.e. someone who sometimes bakes or who is currently baking, but who may not be a baker by profession)". | | *'''Agent noun:''' Formed by replacing ''-n'' of infinitive with ''-rj''. Similar in meaning to nominalized present participle, but refers to a more permanent state - e.g. ''bakerj'' "baker (i.e. someone whose profession is baking)" vs ''bakende'' "one who bakes/is baking (i.e. someone who sometimes bakes or who is currently baking, but who may not be a baker by profession)". |